Images Dated 4th August 2005 (page 23)

The Lion of the Season, 1861. Artist: John Leech
The Lion of the Season, 1861. Cartoon from Punch, London, 25 May 1861, when controversy over Darwins Origin of Species was raging

Monkeyana: Am I a Man and a Brother?, 1861. Cartoon from Punch, London 18 May 1861, when controversy over Darwins Origin of Species was raging

Dianthus (Carnations and Pinks), 1629. From Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris by John Parkinson. (London, 1629)

Thomas Robert Malthus, English economist and clergyman. Malthus (1766-1834) believed that population growth would outstrip food supplies, with disastrous results

Second part of the star chart of the Northern Celestial Hemisphere showing constellations, 1747

Synopsis of the diviners arts, 1617-1619. Chiromancy, prophecy, mnemonics, physiognomy, pyramidology, geomancy, astrology, the seven sources of human knowledge. From Utriusque cosmi

L Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, 1887. First year students doing practical work in the laboratory

Ecole des Ponts-et-Chaussees, Paris, 1894. Civil engineering students at their studies in a classroom

Soapine household cleaner, late 19th century. American trade card for Kendall Manufacturing Company, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Whale blubber was used in some soap products

Soap manufacturing, c1905. The Vinolia Soap Companys London laboratory where raw materials and essential oils were tested

Filling and soldering cans of food, France, c1870. Canning as a method of food preservation originated in the first half of the 19th century

Ha, Ha! You Must Learn to Love Me, 1873. Cartoon from Punch London 1873, telling the British public that they must learn to love canned meat from Australia

Young girl tending the fire holes of a brick kiln, 1871. It was estimated that at this time there were between 20, 000 and 30, 000 children aged between 5 and 16 at work in British brickyards

Barefoot girls sifting dust in a brickyard, 1871. The dust was coal or a mixture of iron and coal dust. It was estimated that at this time there were between 20, 000 and 30

Agricultural Labourers Union meeting in Farringdon Street, London, 1877. Founded by Joseph Arch and inaugurated at Leaming in 1872, the National Union of Farm Labourers grew quickly, attracting 86

Riot by railroad workers at Martinsburg on the Baltimore-Ohio Railroad, USA, 1877
Riot by Baltimore-Ohio Railroad workers at Martinsburg, West Virginia, USA, 1877. The riot occurred after workers went on strike because the company cut their wages

Blast furnaces, Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company, Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, 1890. A charge being taken to the top of a furnace on a railway

Blast furnaces at the Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA, 1873

Rolling mills, Saint-Jacques works, Chatillon-Commentry Company, France, 1894. Men are wearing leggings and heavy leather aprons to protect them from contact with hot metal

Weaving shed fitted with Jacquard power looms, c1880. French silk-weaver and inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a loom which used a punched card system to weave complicated patterns in textiles

Women securing bristles in brushes using Woodburys machine, late 19th century. The machines, invented in America around 1870, are set up by the windows for maximum natural light

Women workers in a carpet factory, c1895. Electric lights with incandescent bulbs hang over each loom to supplement natural lighting and enable the working day to be extended

The Cutler, 1823. Knife blades are shaped at a forge in the background and sharpened on a grindstone turned by a wheel operated by the boy on the right

Tapping a blast furnace and running molten iron into the pigs, c1885

Charging a blast furnace at the Govan Iron Works, Scotland, c1885. The charge was fed into a cup around the cone, the cone was lifted and the charge fell into the top of the furnace

The Railway Carriage Companys works, Oldbury, West Midlands, 1869. The forge, showing the mass production of components at about 40 identical forges

Pen grinding room, Hanks, Wells & Cos factory, Birmingham, West Midlands, 1851. More than 50 women sit at individual grindstones finishing metal pen nibs

Glass manufacturing, c1870. The production and processing of various sorts of glass from plate, sheet (window) and moulded wares to crystal and optical items

Ceramics industry, c1870. Various aspects of the ceramics industry from the making of bricks, tiles and drainage pipes to the decoration of porcelain

Glass cutters at their wheels, c1870. The vessel to be cut is held against a rotating wheel powered by steam through belt and shafting

Webbs chemical factory, Diglis, Worcestershire, c1860. The tall building to the right behind the chimney contains lead chambers for the production of Sulphuric Acid

Blowing cylinder or sheet glass, c1860
Blowing cylinder, sheet or window glass, c1860. This method of making sheet glass was introduced into England by Robert Lucas Chance in 1832

Wedgwood factory, Etruria, Hanley, Staffordshire, England. Josiah Wedgwoods (1730-1795) Ivy and Etruria works were the first in Britain to maufacture ceramics on an industrial scale

Ground plan of Prince Alberts model dwellings for the labouring classes, 1851. A number of these buildings were constructed

Wedgwood Etruria potteries, Hanley, Staffordshire. The factory viewed from the Etruria Canal which was constructed in order to transport finished wares from the potteries

Prince Alberts model dwelling for the labouring classes, 1851. A number of these buildings were constructed. They were of hollow brick construction and housed four families, each occupying a flat

Scene in a Staffordshire pottery factory, c1851. Mixing and grinding ingredients for the production of pottery in the factorys mill room

High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, 1849. Artist: Thomas Abiel Prior
High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, c1849. The High Level Bridge was built to carry the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway over the River Tyne

Ticket barrier at Philadelphia railway station, Pennsylvania, USA, 1890. Cast iron pillars and roof trusses were used to support the glass roof of the building. From The Railways of America

George Stephensons locomotive Rocket, 1829 (1859). On 11 October 1829 Rocket won the Rainhill Trials, a competition held to determine the engine to be used on the Liverpool to Manchester Railway

Midlands and Great Western Railway (Ireland) 2-4-0 locomotive Rob Roy, 1873. Built by Neilson & Co of Glasgow

Laying sleepers and rails (permanent way) on the Transvaal Railway, South Africa, 1893

Part of a French railway wagon-lit (sleeping car), 1890. Showing accommodation by day and night and (centre) the lavatory

Interior of St Pancras Railway Station, London, 1865. Using an iron latticed arched roof, WH Barlow and RM Marsh were able to construct a clean arch 100 feet high with a span of 140 feet dispensing

Pullman drawing room car on the Midland Railway, England, 1876. The Midland Railway was formed in 1844 as an amalgamation of the North Midland, Midland Counties and Birmingham & Junction Railways

Construction train on the Union Pacific Railroad, USA, 1868. Incorporated by an Act of Congress in 1862, the Union Pacific Railroad was built to extend the American railway system westwards across

Sectional view of a mid-19th century steam railway locomotive, 1882. The illustration shows the workings of the locomotive, including the firebox and boiler tubes

George Stephensons locomotive Rocket, 1829 (1900). On 11 October 1829 Rocket won the Rainhill Trials, a competition held to determine the engine to be used on the Liverpool to Manchester Railway

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