Images Dated 4th August 2005 (page 18)

Opening of the Anglo-French telephone line, 1891. The first London to Paris telephone conversation at the General Post Office, London. Bell instruments were used at the London end

Opening of the London to Paris telegraph link, 1852. The instrument room at the Submarine Telegraph Company, Cornhill, London, showing a Wheatstone needle telegraph instrument

Giant galvanometer in the physics laboratory, Cornell University, New York, USA, 1886. A galvanometer is an instrument for measuring small electric currents

William Wollastons reflecting goniometer for measuring the angles of crystals, 1874. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) was a notable English chemist who researched into both chemistry and optics

Plate measuring microscope, 1895. A woman measuring star positions on a photographic plate during the compilation of the Carte du Ciel at the Paris Observatory

Lord Kelvins mirror galvanometer, 1876. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) devised this instrument for measuring small electric currents

Lord Kelvins transatlantic telegraph, 1877. Artist: John Wright Oakes
Lord Kelvins transatlantic telegraph, 1877. William Thomsons (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907) receiving apparatus used at Brest, France, including his mirror galvanometer (left)

Operator receiving a message in Morse code on an electric printing telegraph, 1887. In the box under the table are the wet cells (batteries) supplying electricity

Colorimeter, after a design by Labilliardiere with modifications by Salleron, 1871. The intensities of colour of two liquids in glass tubes are made equal by adding water to the stringer

Telegraph office, c1900. A man reads a message he has received (left). Inside the office an operator sends a message using a Morse transmitting key (right)

Operator sending a message on a Morse electric printing telegraph, 1887. He is tapping out the message with a key using the code developed by Samuel Morse and Alexander Bain

Morses first telegraph, 1837 (c1900). Artist: Sir John Gilbert
Morses first telegraph, 1837 (c1900). Invented by Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872), this was the first functional electric telegraph

Morse electric printing telegraph, c1882. Rear view of the instrument showing the roll of paper for recording messages and the transmitting key at C. D are wet cells (batteries) providing electricity

Joseph Crosfield & Sons soap factory at Bank Quarry, Warrington, Cheshire, 1886. 1: general view of works; 2: display at Liverpool Exhibition; 3: frame room; 4: stamping; 5: packaging room; 6

Manufacturing electric light bulbs, c1883 (1896). A mercury vacuum pump being used to evacuate (exhaust) light bulbs on a commercial scale

Lord Kelvin, Scottish mathematician and physicist, 1876. Born William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge

Physics research laboratory at the Sorbonne, Paris 1895
Physics research laboratory at the Sorbonne, Paris, 1895

Albert Einstein and other physicists at Paul Ehrenfests home, Leyden, Netherlands. Einstein (1879-1955) (left) with Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Langevin (1872-1946) (centre)

Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, 1929. Marie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre Curie continued the work on radioactivity started by Henri Becquerel

Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, 1925. Marie Curie (1867-1934) in her office at the Radium Institute, Paris, of which she was director of research from 1918-1934

Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, in her laboratory, 1912. Marie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre Curie continued the work on radioactivity started by Henri Becquerel

Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, 1931. Marie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre Curie continued the work on radioactivity started by Henri Becquerel

Marie (1867-1934) and Pierre (1859-1906) Curie. With their daughter Irene in the garden of their house on Boulevard Kellermann, Paris

Pierre Curie, French chemist, when Professor of Physics at the Sorbonne, 1906
Pierre Curie, French chemist, in the lecture theatre when Professor of Physics at the Sorbonne, 1906. Curie (1859-1906) was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics in 1903, jointly with his wife, Marie

Mining Pitchblende, Cornwall, England, c1916. Radium, isolated by the Curies in 1898, is extracted from this ore

Frederic Joliot, French physicist. Joliot (1900-1958) became assistant to Marie Curie in 1925. In 1926 he married Maries daughter Irene

Pierre Curie, French chemist. Curie (1859-1906) was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics in 1903, jointly with his wife, Marie, and Henri Becquerel, for their work on radioactivity

Frederic Joliot, French physicist, c1930. The apparatus is a Wilson cloud chamber. Joliot (1900-1958) became assistant to Marie Curie in 1925

Pierre and Marie Curie, French scientists, at work in the laboratory. Polish-born Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre (1859-1906)

Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, 1910. Marie Curie (1867-1934) and her husband Pierre continued the work on radioactivity started by Henri Becquerel

Medal commemorating Marie Sklodowska Curie, Polish-born French physicist, 1967. Obverse of a medal issued in 1967 to commemorate the centenary of her birth

Apparatus used by Pierre and Marie Curie in their research into radium, 1904. This equipment was used by the Curies to investigate the deflection of the beta rays from radium in a magnetic field

A stage in the separation of radium from pitchblende using sodium carbonate, c1900. A scene in the laboratory of the Nobel Prize winning physicists Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris

Title page of Oeuvres de Pierre Curie, 1908. French chemist Curie (1859-1906) was awarded the Nobel prize for Physics in 1903, jointly with his wife, Marie, and Henri Becquerel

Spectrum analysis, 1873. A magic lantern being used to project slides during a lecture on spectrum analysis at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, London

Spectroscope, 1882. A spectroscope of the type used by Gustave Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) in studying the emission spectra of heated chemical elements

Hans Christian Oersted, Danish physicist, 1851. Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current has an effect on a magnetic needle

Hans Christian Oersted, Danish physicist, [c1870]. Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current has an effect on a magnetic needle

Camera Obscura, 1671. From Ars Magna by Athanasius Kircher. (Amsterdam, 1671)

Portable tent type of camera obscura, 1764. The device is placed on a table so that it could be used to draw the landscape projected down onto a sheet of white paper on the table

Magnetism, 1600. A terrella or globe-shaped magnet with lumps of iron to represent mountains and showing the north-seeking property of a magnetic needle. From De Magnete by William Gilbert

A magnetized needle pushed through a ball of cork, floating submerged in a goblet of water, 1600. The needle shows the dip and the direction of the magnetic pole. From De Magnete by William Gilbert

Children watching an outdoor scene through a camera obscura, 1887. From Natural Philosophy by A Ganot. (London, 1887)

Illustration of the principle of the camera obscura, 1671. Showing how the image of the lighted face on the left appears inverted on the wall of the darkened chamber on the right

Camera obscura, 1561. Projecting a solar eclipse into a darkened room through a small hole, showing how the image is inverted. From Problematum Astronomicorum by Daniele Santbech. (Basel, 1561)

Examining a patients thorax using an X-ray tube and fluorescent screen, 1903. The X-ray tube (on tripod) is set at the required height and the patient stands directly in front of it

Montigny mitrailleuse, 1870. Introduced by the French during the Franco-Prussian War, this rapid-fire gun had 37 barrels. Operated by 5 men, it could deliver 482 rounds per minute

Facsimile or copying telegraph system by Amstutz of Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1896

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