Innovation Collection (page 16)

Plate showing diagram of the optics of a reflecting telescope (Fig 29), 1704. English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Flamsteeds equatorially mounted sextant fitted with telescope, 1725. Side view showing the gearing for aligning the sextant. Flamsteed (1646-1719) was the first Astronomer Royal

Sholes Type Writer, 1872. A woman using a typewriter by the American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes (1819-1890). A forerunner of the 20th century machine

First page of St Matthews Gospel from William Tyndales English New Testament, 1525. Tyndale (c1494-1536) set out to translate the Bible into common English

First manned flight in a hydrogen balloon, France, 1 December 1783 (1887). French aeronauts Jacques Charles (1746-1823) and Noel Robert made the first manned (free flight)

Ascent in captive hot air balloon made by Pilatre de Rozier, Paris, 11 October 1783 (1887)
Ascent in a captive hot air balloon made by Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier in Paris, 11 October 1783 (1887). From Histoire des Ballons by Gaston Tissandier. (Paris, 1887)

Charles Babbages Difference Engine No 1, prototype calculating machine, 1824-1832. Artist: Joseph Clement
Charles Babbages Difference Engine No 1, prototype calculating machine, 1824-1832. English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Sketch of a perpetual motion device designed by Leonardo da Vinci, c1472-1519. Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Sketch of a perpetual motion device designed by Leonardo da Vinci, c1472-1519. Da Vincis (1452-1519) scientific drawings featured ideas such as a spinning wheel and a flying machine

Battle of Fleurus, 16 June 1794 (19th century). Artist: Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse
Battle of Fleurus, 16 June 1794 (19th century). Marshal Jean Baptiste Jourdan (1762-1833), mounted on the grey horse, commanding the French army to victory against the Austrians

Sketch of Alexander Graham Bells telephone of 1876. Artist: Alexander Graham Bell
Sketch of Alexander Graham Bells telephone of 1876. Scottish-born American inventor Bell (1847-1922) filed the patent for his telephone at the United States Patent Office at 3pm on 14 February 1876

Edouard Branly, French physicist, 20th century. Artist: J-P Legastelois
Edouard Branly, French physicist, 20th century. Branly (1844-1940) was a pioneer of early radio and inventor of the coherer (1892). Obverse of commemorative medal

Matthew Boulton, English entrepreneur, industrialist and engineer, 1809. English works owner Boulton (1728-1809) (front) and Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt (1736-1819)

Matthew Boulton and James Watt, British engineers and industrialists, 1871. Artist: J Moore
Matthew Boulton and James Watt, British engineers and industrialists, 1871. English works owner Matthew Boulton (1728-1809) (front) and Scottish engineer and inventor Watt (1736-1819)

Page from a Gutenberg Bible, 1455. Artist: Johannes Gutenberg
Page from the Gutenberg Bible, 1455. Johann Gutenberg (c1398-1468) is regarded as the inventor of movable type. In 1455 he produced the first large printed book, the Gutenberg Bible

Victoria and Albert, the first steam-driven royal yacht, c1855. Queen Victoria being cheered as the yacht carries her to the naval review at Spithead. Baxter needlebox print

Gatling rapid fire gun, 1862. This was a revolving battery gun and, with ten barrels, had a firing capacity of 1200 rounds a minute. Camel-mounted model. From The Science Record. (New York, 1862)

Where Ignorance is Bliss, 1868. Artist: George Du Maurier
Where Ignorance is Bliss, 1868. Invasion of privacy by a seaside camera obscura (left). Theodore thinks he has found a private spot where he can woo Emily

Why Shouldn t Girton Rink, When Cambridge Rows?, 1876. Artist: George Du Maurier
Why Shouldn t Girton Rink, When Cambridge Rows?, 1876 Lady students from Girton College on the towpath waving to crews rowing on the river Cam

Rink to me only with thine eyes, 1876. Artist: George Du Maurier
Rink to me only with thine eyes, 1876. The increasing popularity of roller-skates perhaps gave romantic young couples a better opportunity to be together without chaperones

Gatling rapid fire gun, 1870. This was a revolving battery gun and, with ten barrels, had a firing capacity of rounds of 1200 rounds of a minute. From The Graphic. (London, August 20, 1870)

Montigny mitrailleuse, rapid fire gun, 1870. Artist: Joseph Montigny
Montigny mitrailleuse, rapid fire gun, 1870. Various views of the gun, invented by Joseph Montigny, introduced by the French during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871

Early design of a quick firing cannon, 1482. From De re militari (On Military Matters) by Roberto Valturio. (1482). Written in about 1455, the first printed edition was published in Verona in 1472

Henry Morton Stanleys African expedition to relieve Emin Pasha, 1886-1889 (1887). Emin Pasha, who was in the Egyptian service and Governor of the Equatorial Province

Waitresses on roller skates in a Berlin beer cellar, 1851. The first recorded roller-skates appeared in London in 1760 and the first successful ones date from the early 1820s

Camera obscura, c1840. The illustration shows how the scene outside was collected by a mirror tilted at 45 degrees (B), passed through a meniscus lens between F and C

Camera obscura, 1855. Drawing a landscape using a portable camera obscura in the form of a tent. From The Museum of Science and Art by Dionysius Lardner. (London, 1855)

Seaside visitors paying a visit to the camera obscura, 1862. The viewers sat in a darkened chamber: the scene around was collected by the mirror (A) and passed through a convex lens (B)

Making a call from a telephone call box, 1888. From Le Journal de la Jeunesse. (Paris, 1888)

Chicago police telephone box, 1886. A Chicago policeman telephoning from a police call box to bring help to an injured pedestrian. From Les Applications de l Electricite by E Hospitalier

Carbon microphone, invented in 1878 by David Edward Hughes, 1890. The apparatus was said to be so sensitive that a fly walking on the sounding-board could be heard by an observer on a telephone

Gatling rapid fire gun, 1861-1862 (1872). This was a revolving battery gun and, with ten barrels, had a firing capacity of 1200 rounds a minute. From The Great Industries of the United States

Battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac, American Civil War, 1862 (1864). The Battle of Hampton Roads, Virginia, which was fought on 8-9 March 1862

The Peace Illuminations - The Horse Guards, Whitehall Front, London, 1856. Gas light illuminations on Horse Guards, Whitehall, London, to mark the end of the Crimean War

Bank of furnaces, Lymington Iron Works, Tyneside, England, 1835. By this time the Nielsen hot blast process, invented in 1824, was in general use

Cotton manufacture: mule spinning, c1830. A self-acting mule of the type devised by Richard Roberts in 1825. Roberts spinning mule produced better yarn than any other machine

Isaac Newtons reflecting telescope, 1668. Artist: Isaac Newton
Isaac Newtons reflecting telescope, 1668. Isaac Newton (1642-1727), English scientist and mathematician built the first ever reflecting telescope in 1668

Copernicus heliocentric model of the Universe, 1543. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) is considered to be the father of modern astronomy and founder of heliocentric cosmology

Title page of Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) is considered to be the father of modern astronomy

St Louis, Union gunboat, American Civil War, 1861-1865. The earliest ironclad gunboat designed by American engineer James B Eads (1820-1887) to be employed by the Union side

Designs of fortifications, 1764. The object of each is to make every portion of the place fortified capable of being defended from some other part

Attacking walls with battering rams, c1800. The one mounted on chains could be given more impetus than one carried on mens shoulders

Fortifications, c1880. An ancient fortress with curtain walls (top) and a bastioned fortress (bottom)

Siege warfare, c1800. The normal method of applying a petard (explosive device) to the gate of a fortress. The fuse has just been lit

Various forms of siege equipment, including battering rams, 1547. From Architectur...Mathematischen...Kunst by Gaultherius Rivius, 1547

Roman siege warfare, 1605. Defenders attempting to disable battering rams. On the right, attackers are handling a ram under a protective cat. From Poliorceticon by Justus Lipsius (Antwerp, 1605)

Wheeled siege towers and bridges, 13th century (18th century). Siege equipment of the type used by Frederick II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, for his successful siege of Jerusalem (1229)

Julius Caesars siege of Marseilles, 49 BC (18th century). Reconstruction showing the musculus or covered way to protect engineers approaching the walls of the besieged city

English troops attacking a French town, Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 (c1830). The English besiegers are armed with early cannon and both longbows and crossbows

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