Images Dated 29th July 2005 (page 47)

Waterworks at York Buildings, Strand, supplying water to London from the Thames, 1790. Westminster Bridge can be seen in the background

Edinburgh-London Royal Mail. Artist: D Dally
Edinburgh-London Royal Mail. The improvement in the road network in the mid 18th century led to the introduction of the mail coach in 1784, providing a combined passenger and mail delivery service

Itinerant tinker and his boy assistant, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, north-west Italy, 1825. A woman brings a utensil for repair

Otto von Bismarck German statesman, when Conservative Deputy and Inspector of Dykes, 1867. Artist: Andre Gill
Otto von Bismarck German statesman, when Conservative Deputy and Inspector of Dykes, 1867. Cartoon published in La Lune (Paris, 1867) showing Bismarck (1815-1904 as a cat with a mousetrap)

Title page of Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus, 1806. Artist: Thomas Malthus
Title page of Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus, 1806. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), English cleric and economist

Dishley (New Leicester) sheep, 1811. This breed of sheep arose as a result of a selective breeding programme carried out by Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) on his farm at Dishley, Leicestershire

James Watt, Scottish engineer. James Watt (1736-1819) was the son of a Scottish shipbuilder and showed an interest in invention at an early age

Crop rotation: reaping with a Hainault Scythe, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Crop rotation: harvesting corn, 1855. Reaping with a scythe, binding and stooking. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of

Crop rotation: sheep on a break of turnips, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Crop rotation: women thinning turnips, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Crop rotation: sowing seed broadcast, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Crop rotation: haymaking, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect the health

Crop rotation: sowing and harrowing corn, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Crop rotation: threshing rye grass for seed, 1855. Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops alternately on the same patch of ground over a cycle of several years in order to protect

Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, 1885. Otto Edward Leopold, Count von Bismarck (1815-1898) was Chancellor of Prussia and architect of modern Germany

Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, 1871. Otto Edward Leopold, Count von Bismarck (1815-1898) was Chancellor of Prussia and architect of modern Germany

Thomas Carlyle, 19th century Scottish historian and essayist. Carlyle (1795-1881) wrote a history of the French Revolution which gained him popular as well as academic fame when it was published in

Charles Fourier, French social theorist. Fourier (1772-1837) believed that universal harmony could be achieved by reorganizing society into cooperatives called phalanxes

Ferdinand Lasalle, 19th century German social democrat. Lasalle participated in the French Revolution of 1848. He became the first President of the Universal German Workmens Union in 1862

Eduard Bernstein, German socialist leader. Bernstein (1850-1932) was an associate of the Marxist social and economic theorist Friedrich Engels

Otto von Bismarck, German statesman, c1880. Otto Edward Leopold, Count von Bismarck (1815-1898) was Chancellor of Prussia and architect of modern Germany

Newcomen steam engine, 1737. Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) designed his atmospheric or steam engine in 1712. Water was heated in the boiler and the resulting steam was let into the cylinder

Spinning Jenny, 1820. The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves (c1720-1778) in 1764. On his original machine, a single wheel controlled eight spindles rather than the single spindle

Sectional view of Strutts model cotton mills, Belper, Derbyshire, England, 1820. Artist: William Lowry
Sectional view of Strutts model cotton mills, Belper, Derbyshire, England, 1820. Power was generated by the water wheel and distributed via a shaft and belting

Newcomen steam engine, 1747. Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) designed his atmospheric or steam engine in 1712. Water was heated in the boiler and the resulting steam was let into the cylinder

Model of a Newcomen steam engine, 1856. It was while repairing this engine that James Watt (1736-1819) is said to have invented the separate condenser

James Watt, Scottish engineer, 19th century. Artist: Robert G Bell
James Watt, Scottish engineer. James Watt (1736-1819) was the son of a Scottish shipbuilder and showed an interest in invention at an early age

Dishley (New Leicester) Ram, c1840. This breed of sheep was the result of a selective breeding programme operated by Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) on his farm at Dishley, Leicestershire, England

The Cowshed. A cowman milks into a bucket while a milkmaid waits, holding a yoke on which the buckets are carried

Facade of The Bank of England, Threadneedle Street, London, 1796. The Bank of England was established in 1694 to act as banker and debt manager for the government

Grinding needle points, Redditch, England, c1830. A grindstone driven by water or steam. Needle grinding was well-paid work but the lives of grinders were short owing to the inhalation of dust

Die-stamping the channel and eye position on needle wires, Redditch, England, c1835. The operation used a foot-operated 13.6kg hammer

Les Halles, Paris, 1786. Artist: F Jourdan
Les Halles, Paris, 1786. This famous French food market was moved to the suburbs in the 1960s. From Thierys Guide des Amateurs et des Etranger Voyageurs a Paris. (Paris, 1786)

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), French politician and economist
Anne Robert Jacques Turbot (1727-1781), French politician and economist. Turgot was an advocate of free trade and laissez-faire principles in economics

Harvest Time, c1855. A harvest scene depicting a romanticised view of 18th century English rural life

Reaping with sickles and binding the sheaves, England, c1800

Harvest time, 1762. Men and women reaping with sickles, corn being tied up in sheaves and stood in stooks to dry. From La Nouvelle Maison Rustique, 8th edition. (Paris, 1762)

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, French politician and economist, early 19th century. Artist: William Thomas Fry
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, French politician and economist, early 19th century. Turgot (1727-1781) was an advocate of free trade and laissez-faire principles in economics

Corn-Market, Paris, 1836. The Corn and Flour Hall was built in 1772 by the Paris authorities, enlarged in 1782 and rebuilt after a fire in 1802

Needle-making, 1751-1780. Securing needles in polishing roll (1), polishing under a lead weight (5, 6), washing (2), drying (3), inspecting (4), and grinding points (7)

Needles: equipment for needle making from shears to cut wire (14) to polishing roll (13). From Diderots Encyclopedie. (Paris, 1751-1780)

Blacksmiths at work, 1715. Note the heavy leather aprons worn as protection from hot metal and charcoal. From Magia Naturalis by Johannes Baptista della Porta, originally published in Naples in 1558

Mary Wollstonecraft, 18th century Anglo-Irish writer and feminist. Artist: Swan Electric Engraving Company
Mary Wollstonecraft, 18th century Anglo-Irish writer and feminist. A writer with radical political views on a range of issues fincluding womens rights, education

Greenfield Brass Mill near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales, 1792. Artist: WC Wilson
Greenfield Brass Mill near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales, 1792. Illustration showing industrialisation in the rural landscape

Copperworks near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales owned by the Mona Company, 1792. Artist: William Watts
Copperworks near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales owned by the Mona Company, 1792. Illustration showing industrialisation in the rural landscape. Copper was mined on Anglesey (Mona)

Brickfield, 1808. Artist: William Henry Pyne
Brickfield, 1808. A horse-powered pug mill grinding clay, and a woman with a hack barrow for transporting green bricks to clamps to be dried out before firing

Itinerant 16th century bookseller with covered donkey cart full of books, late 19th century. Liebig trade card

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