Oxford Science Archive Collection (page 10)

Mining for rock salt, c1890. Miners being lowered down a shaft on rope slings to begin their shift in the salt mine at Wieliczka, Galicia, Poland

Jean Henri Fabre, French entomologist, 1911. Artist: L Patriarche
Jean Henri Fabre, French entomologist, 1911. Fabre (1823-1915) examining specimens through a magnifying glass. He wrote numerous books on the anatomy and behaviour of insects

Producing salt by evaporating natural brine by pouring it into a pit of burning charcoal, 1556. A rather impure product resulted. From De re metallica by Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Thomas Alva Edisons first Phonograph, 1878 (1915). In this model the cylinder on which the sound was recorded had to be rotated by hand. The instrument is shown in recording mode

Roderick Impey Murchison, Scottish geologist, 1870. Artist: Carlo Pellegrini
Roderick Impey Murchison, Scottish geologist, 1870. Murchison (1792-1871) investigated old rocks beneath the red sandstone

Edgar Berillon, French psychologist, 1929
Edgar Berillon (1854-1948), French psychologist, c1929. Reverse of a medal struck to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Berillons (1854-1948)

Plaquette commemorating the death of Henri Poincare, French mathematician, 1912
Plaquette commemorating the death of Henri Poincare, French mathematician and philosopher, 1912. Poincare (1854-1912) is best remembered for his work on topology and celestial mechanics

Leonid meteor shower, 1870. The Leonids are visible in the night sky during November, and this observation was made by the French aeronauts Henri Giffard (1825-1882)

Medal commemorating the discovery of penicillin, 1945
Medal commemorating the discovery of penicillin. Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1928

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 18th century French chemist, 1801. Among other achievements, Lavoisier (1743-1794) was one of the discoverers of oxygen, and established the laws of chemical combination

Henry Bessemer, British engineer and inventor, 19th century. Bessemer (1813-1898) was a prolific inventor, but is best known for the invention of a method of converting pig iron into steel

Claude Bernard, 19th century French physiologist, 1913. Obverse of a silver plaquette commemorating the centenary of his birth

Medal commemorating Claude Bernard, French physiologist, 19th century. Bernard (1813-1878) investigated the liver, discovering glycogen

Claude Bernard, French physiologist, 19th century. From the obverse of a commemorative medal. Bernard (1813-1878) investigated the liver, discovering glycogen

Hydrotherapy treatments, c1902. Wet packs for treating the the kidney (top) and spine (middle). Bottom: sitz-bath and half-bath

James Manby Gully, British physician, 1876. Artist: Spy
James Manby Gully, British physician, 1876. Gully (1808-1883) practised first in London then in Malvern, Worcestershire, where he specialised in hydrotherapy

John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, British physiologist, 1894. Artist: Spy
John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, British physiologist, 1894. Burdon-Sanderson (1828-1905) was Regius professor of medicine at Oxford

James Graham, Scottish quack doctor, 1795. Artist: John Kay
James Graham, Scottish quack doctor, 1795. Graham (1745-1794) set up the Temple of Health in The Adelphi, London. He used milk baths, friction, electricity and magnetism in the treatments he offered

Cricket Field at Bournville, 1892. Bournville was the ideal village built near Birmingham for their employees by the chocolate manufacturers Cadburys

Diesel engine: internal combustion engine invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897 (c1910). In 1892, Diesel (1858-1913) patented a design for a new type of internal combustion engine

Portable threshing machine, c1910. Machines of this type were used in rickyards or fields, and powered by a portable steam engine

Cashew nut - Anacardium occidentale, c1798. Branch of a tree showing flowers, apples and nuts. The apples can be used for preserves, and the kernels eaten

Idea for a video-phone using neon tubes to give the picture display, c1927. Illustration of a system proposed by Herbert Eugene Ives (1883-1952), American physicist and inventor

Abel Pifres solar-powered printing press, c1894 ([c1927). This used Augustin Mouchots solar engine in which a mirror focused the Suns rays onto a small boiler (patented in 1861)

Sending a semaphore signal using flags, c1880. Artist: Geoffrey Douglas Giles
Sending a semaphore signal using flags, c1880. Members of the Middlesex (Victoria Rifles) Volunteers, 4th Volunteer Battalion Kings Royal Rifle Corps, signalling

The Progress of Steam. A View in Regents Park, 1831, 1828. Steam-powered coaches, horses, tricycles, including one with body like a teapot

Royal Menagerie, Exeter Change, Strand, London, c1820. Edward Cross kept his menagerie here until Exeter Change was demolished in 1829 and he moved it to the Surrey Gardens, Walworth c1830

Demonstration or Cause & Effect, 1817

Mr O Brien, the Irish Giant, the Tallest Man in the Known World, 1803. Artist: John Kay
Mr O Brien, the Irish Giant, the Tallest Man in the Known World, 1803. Patrick O Brien (c1765-1804), the Irish giant, being measured for a suit by an Edinburgh tailor

Girls Playground and Waterfall at Bournville, 1892. Bournville was the ideal village built near Birmingham for their employees by the chocolate manufacturers Cadburys

A Quiet Corner at Bournville, 1892. Young women reading in the communal gardens of the ideal village built near Birmingham for their employees by the chocolate manufacturers Cadburys

Whitby harbour, Yorkshire, at the mouth of the river Esk, c1833. The old drawbridge, separating the upper and lower harbours, which was raised to let sailing vessels pass

Pound lock, 1664. The vessel has entered the pound from the lower level on the left, the gate has been closed behind it and water is being allowed to flow through the gate on the right

Von Guerickes demonstration of the power of air pressure, 1672. A platform was suspended from the bottom of an evacuated sphere made up of two copper hemispheres

Von Guerickes demonstration of the strength of a vacuum, 1654 (1672). The man on the right is using an air pump to create the vacuum

Experiment designed to show that air has weight, 1672. From Experimenta Nova ut vocantur Magdeburgica De Vacuo Spatio (New Magdeburg Experiments About the Vacuum by Otto von Guericke)

Crystallization of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Checking the quality of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment, 1683. 1) Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature

Production of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Distillation of Nitric Acid, 1683. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1580
Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1683. This furnace is gravity-fed and self-stoking

Washing ore to extract gold, 1683. Water is fed into a sieve containing crushed ore. The solution containing ore in suspension is fed along collecting pans, often lined with dark woollen cloth

Double inclined plane for moving tub boats from one level to another on a canal, 1796. Boats were lowered on rails and counterbalanced by a tub containing water

Inclined planes for use on canals, 1796. Top: double inclined plane. Middle: upper works of a single inclined plane. Bottom: upper works of a medium inclined plane powered by a water wheel

Inclined plane powered by water wheel in used on a canal, 1796
Inclined plane powered by water wheel in use on a canal, 1796. The inclined plane was used to transfer vessels, in this case tub boats

Christian Friedrich Schonbein, German chemist, c1898. Schonbein (1799-1869) began his investigation of ozone in 1839. He worked on nitrocellulose and produced gunoctton for use in firearms in 1846

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