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Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist, demonstrating his discovery of oxygen, 1776 (1874). On the table in the right background of the picture is his calorimeter
Telling time at night using a nocturnal, 1539. The hour is obtained by measuring the angular position of the imaginary line joining the pointers in the constellation of the Plough to the Pole Star
Method of measuring angles with a cross-staff, 1636. Edmund Gunter (1581-1626) was an English mathematician and astronomer who invented many measuring instruments which bear his name; Gunters Chain
Measuring the distance from ship to shore, using a quadrant marked with shadow-scales, 1598. From L usa della squadra mobile by Ottavius Fabri. (Venice, 1598)
Third Eddystone lighthouse, 19th century. Built by the English civil engineer John Smeaton (1724-1792) between 1757 and 1759, this was the third lighthouse to be sited on Eddystone Rocks
Observation of a spiral galaxy in Canes Venatici drawn by Lord Rosse, 1850. Artist: William Parsons, 3rd Earl of RosseObservation of a spiral galaxy in Canes Venatici drawn by Lord Rosse, 1850. Known as the Whirlpool Galaxy, this was the first galaxy to be recognised as having a spiral structure
Carolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish scientist and naturalist, 1874. Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778), the founder of the modern system of plant
Guillaume Francois Riuelle, 18th century French chemist, 1874. Riuelle (1703-1770) was the teacher of Antoine Lavoisier, the French chemist who discovered oxygen
Christopher Scheiners illustration of his idea of the surface of the sun, 1635. German astronomer and mathematician Scheiner (1573-1650)
Tarpan, 1830. Artist: William Home LizarsTarpan, 1830. The Tarpan was a small European wild horse, dun-coloured with a dark mane and tail. Small herds survived in remote parts of central Europe, but became extinct in the early 20th century
Measuring the altitude of the Sun, 1539. From Cosmographia by Peter Apian. (Antwerp, 1539)
Title page of The Description and Use of the Sector by Edmund Gunter, 1636. It shows mariners holding various navigational instruments, including a sector and a cross-staff at the top
Cross-staffs used for surveying, 1551. In this case they are being used to measure the width of a river by triangulation. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)
Using a cross-staff to measure the height of a tower, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)
Measuring the distance of an inaccessible object by triangulation using a hinged staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)
Reiner Gemma Frisius, Dutch astronomer, geographer, cartographer and mathematician, 1539. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) holding an adjustable ring dial for determining the altitude of the Sun for
Planimeter used in conjunction with a set square for surveying, 1605. From Instrumentorum Mechanicorum by Levinus Hulsius. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605)
A surveyors level, 1547. From Architechtur...Mathematischen...Kunst by Gaultherus Rivius. (Nuremberg, 1547)
Forms of astrolabe in use for surveying, 1650. Vignette from a multiplication table
Using astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. Artist: Petrus ApianusUsing astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. From Cosmographia, Peter Apian, Antwerp, 1539
Surveying, from Levinus Hulsius Instrumentorum Mechanicorum, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605. Artist: Levinus HulsiusSurveying, from Levinus Hulsius Instrumentorum Mechanicorum, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605. Top; measuring angles using a quadrant. Bottom; obtaining levels and altitudes using Hulsiuss planimeter
Title page of Samuel Sturmy, Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Artist: Samuel SturmyTitle page of Samuel Sturmy Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Sturmy (1633-1669) was a sea captain and sailed to the West Indies and Virginia
Temple of Serapis at Puzzuoli in 1183, Charles Lyell (1853). Artist: Charles LyellTemple of Serapis at Puzzuoli in 1183, Charles Lyell (1853). Frontispiece of the ninth edition of Principles of Geology, Charles Lyell, London, 1853, showing how it had slowly subsided
Strata of red sandstone, slightly inclined, Siccar Point, Berwickshire 1852. Artist: Charles LyellStrata of red sandstone, slightly inclined, Siccar Point, Berwickshire 1852. It is illustrating nonconformable strata, and so long time scale
Pollen mass of Orchis mascula when first attached (A) and after depression (B), 1899. From The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (second edition) by Charles Darwin
Andreas Vesalius, 16th century Flemish anatomist, c1789-c1798. Vesalius (1514-1564) great work on anatomy De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) (1543) was a landmark
John Tyndall, Irish-born British physicist and populariser of science, c1880. Tyndall (1820-1893) was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution
Apparatus for reducing dislocations, 1544. The subject is placed on a bed with a windlass at either end. Ropes are attached to the area of dislocation and force is applied by turning the windlass
Richard Owen, British naturalist, c1856 (1891). After qualifying and practising as a surgeon, Owen (1804-1892) made major contributions in the fields of anatomy and paleontology
Justus von Liebig, 19th century German chemist. Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural chemistry
Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 1683. Copper is melted (1) while an apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water
Lazaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874Lazzaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874. Spallanzani (1729-1799) investigating the digestive system of the chicken
Surveyors using quadrants to measure the height of a tower, c1617-c1619. Artist: Robert FluddSurveyors using quadrants to measure the height of a tower, 1617-c1619. Quadrants fitted with plumb bobs and marked with shadow scales to measure the height of a tower
The moth Acontia luctuosa and orchid pollen, 1862. This shows seven pairs of pollinia of Orchis pyramidalis on the moths proboscis
Nicholas Lemery, French chemist, 1870. Lemery (1645-1715) was a pharmacist and lecturer in Paris. He wrote a textbook on chemistry and a treatise on the element antimony
Pre-binomial classification of species, 1644. Here two different species of the genus camel are named in Hebrew, Latin and Dutch, although only one species, the Bactrian is depicted
Finding the angular distance between two edges of a wood using a cross-staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)
Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), philosopher and chemist, c1851Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), English natural philosopher and chemist. Cavendish Physical Laboratory, Cambridge, is named after him. Lithograph, c1851
Gustave Hamel, British aviation pioneer, 1913. Hamel (c1884-1914) disappeared over the English Channel on 23 May 1914 on a flight from France piloting a new aircraft
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, c1900Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, German physicist and physiologist, c1900. The inventor of the opthalmoscope (1850)
John Russell Hind, Hermann Goldschmidt and Robert Luther, astronomers, c1900. Medal commemorating the work of these three men on the discovery of planetoids (asteroids or minor planets)
Medal commemorating Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer, French and English astronomers, 1868Medal commemorating Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer, French and English astronomers, 1868. In 1868, working independently of each other on spectroscopic studies of solar prominences
Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer, French and English astronomers, 1868. Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen (1824-1907), left, and Joseph Norman Lockyer (1836-1920)
Julius Ferdinand Hann, Austrian meteorologist, c1921Julius Ferdinand Hann, c1921. Portrait of Hann (1839-1921) from a commemorative medal issued by the Austrian Meteorological Society
Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, 1862. Founded in 1772, the observatory is named after the physician John Radcliffe (1652-1714)
Manuel John Johnson, English astronomer, 1862. Johnson (1805-1859) observed the total solar eclipse of 27 July 1832 while in charge of the St Helena observatory
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, German physicist and physiologist, 1907. The inventor of the opthalmoscope (1850)
Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, German motor industry pioneers, 1961. Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900), left, German engineer and inventor and Karl Friedrich Benz (1844-1929)