Images Dated 5th August 2005 (page 6)

Lyon Playfair, Scottish chemist and politician, 1877. Artist: Lock & Whitfield
Lyon Playfair, Scottish chemist and politician, 1877. Playfair (1818-1898) studied chemistry at Glasgow under Thomas Graham, and under Liebig at Giessen

Henry Bessemer, English engineer and inventor, 1881. Artist: Lock & Whitfield
Henry Bessemer, English engineer and inventor, 1881. Born at Charlton, near Hitchen, Hertfordshire, Bessemer (1813-1893) took out many patents but is best remembered for his invention of the Bessemer

Johann Freidrich Bottger, German chemist and ceramicist, c1895. Bottger (Botticher, 1682-1719) was the originator of Dresden china

The Hermetic Vessel, c1760. A hermetic vessel in the alchemical furnace. The serpent within the vase symbolises the earthy substances of which the Philosophers Stone is made

Jacquard power loom, 1915. In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) invented a method of weaving intricate patterns by encoding them on punched cards

Observing a total solar eclipse, 1851 (1857). Members of the Edinburgh expedition on Bue Island, Norway, with their instruments set up ready for viewing the eclipse which occurred on 28 July 1851

Thunderbolt or lightning, 1508. A man sheltering under a tree struck by lightning or a thunderbolt. From Margarita philosophica (The Pearl of Philosophy) by Gregor Reisch. (Basel, 1508)

Smoking opium, mid 19th century. A Chinese woman smoking a pipe of opium, an addictive narcotic drug produced from the sap of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

Solar corona and prominences 1860 (1870)
Solar corona and prominences 1870. Observations made by the English astronomer Warren de la Rue (1815-1889) at Rivabellosa in Spain during a total solar eclipse, 18 July 1860

Part of the lunar surface, 1857. The surface of the Moon in the region of Mare Crisium at Old Moon. From Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh. (Edinburgh, 1857)

Coal delivery, 1860. A footman collecting a scuttle of coal from the cellar under the pavement at the very moment when the coalman shoots a sack of coal from Newcastle through the manhole in

Au Clair de la Lune : the power of hypnosis, 1894. Artist: George du Maurier
Au Clair de la Lune : the power of hypnosis, 1894. Trilby the tone-deaf! Who couldn t tell a C from an F!! giving a concert under Svengalis hypnotic influence. From Trilby by George du Maurier

Mesmers tub, c1870. In 1779, soon after the publication of his treatise Memoire sur la decouverte de magnetism animal, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the founder of Mesmerism

Caricature of Franz Anton Mesmer, c1785. He is depicted as an ass hypnotising a female subject with a finger. In 1779, soon after the publication of his treatise Memoire sur la decouverte de

Hypnosis, 1680. Experimentum Mirabile: a chicken hypnotised by its beak being placed on a line. From Physiologia Kircheriana by Athanasius Kircher. (Amsterdam, 1680)

Print satirising Franz Anton Mesmer, 1784
Print satirising Mesmer, 1784. In 1779, soon after the publication of his treatise Memoire sur la decouverte de magnetism animal, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the founder of Mesmerism

Saturn, Roman god of time, 1569. Saturn (Greek Kronos) riding in his chariot drawn by dragons. He devoured all his children except Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto

Page of Biblia Pauperum (Poor Peoples Bible), 15th century. Left, David slaying Goliath and, right, Christ descending into Limbo to release the souls of the Patriarchs

Hierarchy of the Church, 1652. Artist: Robert Vaughan
Hierarchy of the Church, 1652. God at the head, the Pope below flanked by angels, kings, priests and laity, with demons falling into the flames of Hell below

Henri Moissan, French chemist, 1900. Moissan (1852-1907) at his desk at the Edison workshops, Paris, where he worked on the production of artificial diamonds

Divine harmony, 1617-1619. The divine harmony existing between Man the microsm, and the universe the macrocosm, with God at the top. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Geocentric universe, 1493. God enthroned surrounded by the chosen and Angels, sits above a diagram of the geocentric Ptolemaic universe, with the Earth surrounded by water, air and fire

Neptune raising James Cook to immortality and fame, late 18th century. The name of Captain Cook (1728-1779), English navigator, explorer and hydrographer, is being written in the book of history

William Bowman, English anatomist, surgeon and ophthalmologist, 1884. Artist: Edward Linley Sambourne
William Bowman, English anatomist, surgeon and ophthalmologist, 1884. Bowman (1816-1892) was born at Nantwich, Cheshire. After five years at Birmingham General Hospital

Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French soldier, navigator and mathematician, c1890. Bougainville (1729-1811) was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1756 while secretary to the French Embassy in

William Somerset Maugham, British author of novels, plays and short stories, 1927. Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) qualified as a physician at St Thomass Hospital, London, in 1897

Jons Jacob Berezelius, Swedish chemist, c1890. Berzelius (1779-1848) introduced modern chemical symbols. He discovered the elements selenium, thorium and cerium, and was first to isolate others

Observing a solar eclipse, 1673. Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687), a wealthy Polish brewer and councillor of Danzig, devoted much time and money to astronomy

Rice Mill, 1813. Blindfolded mules harnessed to a mill grinding rice into flour. From China: Its Costume, Arts and Manufactures by M Breton. (London, 1813)

Centrifuge, 1882. Centrifuges are used to separate liquids from solids, or liquids from liquids of different density such as cream from milk. From Physics in Pictures by Theodore Eckardt

Distillation, 1882. Cross-section showing a furnace heating a still. Matter distilled is discharged through the beak of the alembic and is condensed in the worm that runs through the refrigerator

Chemist, 1508. A chemist or alchemist is using bellows to heat up the fire under a crucible. Behind him an alembic standing on a furnace is being used for distillation

Distillation, 1500
Distillation 1500. Three alembics stand on top of a furnace. The distillate condenses in caps on top of the vessels and flows down into collecting bottles

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist, 18th century, (1835). 19th century copy of an earlier portrait of French chemist Lavoisier (1743-1794), one of the discoverers of oxygen

Spitalfields silk weavers, 1893. Artist: Enoch Ward
Spitalfields silk weavers, 1893. Here the women are winding and reeling silk thread. This enclave of the silk industry in East London was founded by Huguenot refugees who left France after Louis XIVs

Surveying, early 17th century. Method of using a quadrant fitted with a plumb line and marked with shadow scales to measure the height of a tower. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Surveying, 1551. Quadrant with plumb bob and shadow scale being used to obtain the altitude of a tower. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Surveying, 1551. Triangulation with a hinged staff. Readings were taken from two points a measured distance apart. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Surveying, early 17th century. Using a plane table and hinged staff to measure the height of a tower. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Joseph Priestley, English chemist and Presbyterian minister, 1860. Priestley (1733-1804) was a pioneer in the study of gases and is recognised as one of the discovers of oxygen

Christopher Wren, English architect, mathematician and physicist, early 20th century. Christopher Wren (1632-1723) rebuilt fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire

Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician, c1720 (1794). Artist: A Birrell
Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician, c1720 (1794). Edmond Halley (1656-1742), Astronomer Royal from 1720 until 1742

John Flamsteed, English astronomer and clergyman, 1794. Artist: A Birrell
John Flamsteed, English astronomer and clergyman, 1794. Born in Denby, Derbyshire, and educated at Cambridge, Flamsteed (1646-1719) was appointed the first Astronomer Royal by Charles II in 1675

John Locke, English philosopher, c1680-1704. Artist: Sir Godfrey Kneller
John Locke, English philosopher, c1680-1704. Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

A meeting of the Royal Society in Crane Court, Fleet Street, London, 18th century (c1880). Isaac Newton is in the Presidents chair and the mace of the Royal Society, granted to it by Charles II

Ptolemy, Alexandrian Greek astronomer and geographer, late 15th century. Artist: Pedro Berruguete
Ptolemy, Alexandrian Greek astronomer and geographer, late 15th century. Ptolemy (Claudius of Ptolemaeus) (fl150 AD) holding an armillary sphere

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, early 17th century, (c1835). Kepler (1571-1630) went to Prague in 1600 to assist Tycho Brahe

Jean Martin Charcot demonstrating hypnosis, 1879. Charcot (1825-1893) French neurologist and pathologist, right, demonstrating the production of hypnosis using the sound from a large tuning fork

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