Images Dated 5th August 2005 (page 4)

Robert Boyle, Irish born chemist and physicist, c1689-1690. Boyle (1627-1691) was the seventh son of the first Earl of Cork

Paris Observatory, France, 1740. Astronomers using telescopes to observe objects in the night sky including Saturn and the Moon

Thomas Willis, 17th century English physician, 1742. Artist: George Vertue
Thomas Willis, 17th century English physician, 1742. Willis (1621-1675) was the first in modern times to notice the sweetish taste of diabetic urine in diabetes mellitus

John Wilkins, 17th century English cleric and astronomer. Wilkins (1614-1672) became Bishop of Chester in 1668. One of the founder members of the Royal Society

Jean-Dominique Cassini, Italian-born French astronomer, 1777. In the background is the Paris Observatory, which Cassini (c1625-1712) became the first director of in 1671

Gresham College, London, 1739. Gresham College was established in 1597 in the mansion of Sir Thomas Gresham in Bishopsgate under the terms of his will

Title page of Elias Ashmoles Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, 1652. Isaac Newton owned a copy of this book. Ashmole (1619-1692)

Euclid, Ancient Greek mathematician, 1661. Euclids (fl300 BC) main achievements in mathematics were in the field of geometry. Frontispiece of an edition of his Elements of Geometry. (London, 1661)

Title page of A Discourse Concerning a New World & Another Planet by John Wilkins, 1683. Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler are represented in the bottom corners. (London, 1683 (Ist edition 1640))

Alchemical laboratory showing various forms of furnace and vessels, 1652. From Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum by Elias Ashmole. (London, 1652)

The four great alchemists, 1652. Artist: Robert Vaughan
The four great alchemists, 1652. From left to right: Al-Jabir (Geber, 14th century Spanish); Arnald or Arnold of Villanova (Spanish, c1240-c1310); Rhazes (Abu Bakr Abu Bakr al-Razi)

Alchemical symbolism, 1652. A toad and serpent representing two basic types of element; fixed and earthy (toad) and the volatile (serpent). The flying eagle represents sublimation

Flamsteed House in Greenwich Park, London, late 17th century. Flamsteed House was designed by Christopher Wren on the orders of Charles II as a royal observatory

Courtyard of Gresham College, London, 18th century. Gresham College was established in 1597 in the mansion of Sir Thomas Gresham in Bishopsgate under the terms of his will

Comet of December 1680 (Kirch), 1681. Isaac Newton calculated that the comet was travelling at 88, 000 mph and that it passed so near the Sun that at one time it was only 1/6 of the Suns diameter

Descartes model of the Universe, 1668. Descartes Universe showing how matter which filled it was collected in vortices with a star at the centre of each, often orbiting planets

Keplers concept of an attractive force from the Sun - a virtue, early 16th century. Johannes Keplers (1571-1630) idea of gravity by which he hoped to account for his elliptical planetary orbits was

Great comet of 1680 (Kirch) as it appeared as it approached the Sun. Isaac Newton calculated that the comet was travelling at 88

Keplers illustration to explain his discovery of the elliptical orbit of Mars, 1609. Working with data collected by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe

An Allarm to Europe By a Late Prodigious Comet, 1680. Title page of pamphlet by John Hill on the comet of December 1680 (Kirch)

Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727) discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Sir Isaac Newtons house on the corner of Orange and St Martins Streets, London, c1880. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Woolsthorpe Manor, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton, 1840. (1642-1727). English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Newtons experiment splitting white light into the colours of the spectrum by a prism, 1757
Newtons experiment showing how white light is refracted by a prism and split into the colours of the spectrum, 1757. The dotted line shows the beam of light entering through the window

Optical phenomena observed and described by Sir Isaac Newton, 1704. The formation of a rainbow by dispersion and total internal reflection (Fig 15)

Suspension bridge to the South Stack lighthouse near Holyhead, Wales, c1860. Designed by David Alexander, the 91 foot lighthouse was completed in 1809

Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist and Denis Papin, French physicist, 1870
Robert Boyle, 17th century Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist, in his laboratory with Denis Papin, French physicist, 1870. Papin (1647-1712) is pointing to Boyles (1627-1691) air pump

Frozen materials viewed by English microscopist Robert Hooke, 1665. Observations of several kinds of frozen figures showing frozen urine (1), snowflakes (2) and ice flakes (4, 5, 6)

Hookes observations of the cellular structure of cork and a sprig of Sensitive Plant, 1665
Hookes observations of the cellular structure of cork and a sprig of Sensible (Sensitive) Plant, 1665. Hooke was the first to use the word cell to describe the honeycomb nature of cork

Hookes microscope with condenser for concentrating light, 1665. From left to right above are his barometer, refractometer for measuring refractive power of liquids, and lens-grinding machine

Johannes Hevelius, German astronomer, 1647. Known now by the latinized form of his name - Jan Hewel or Hewelcke - Hevelius (1611-1687)

Illustrations from English microscopist Robert Hookes Micrographia, 1665. 1: underside of a stinging nettle leaf; 2: beard of wild oat used in Hookes hygrometer; 3: section of head of wild oat; 4

Flea, wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect, 1665. The human flea (Pulex irritans) can transmit plague. From Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Louse clinging to a human hair, 1665
Human Louse, a wingless parasitic insect, 1665. The human louse, a wingless parasitic insect, is now known to be a vector for epidemics of typhus. From Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Percussion pendulum, 1725. An experiment to investigate the inertia of bodies using two suspended weights whose movements could be accurately measured

Distillation, 1500. The Rosenhut, a form of still. From Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus by Hieronymus Braunschweig. (Strasbourg, 1500)

Design for a pendulum clock, 1673. Note the cycloidal pendulum with cheeks (fig.II). In 1657 Christiaan Huygens began work on developing Galileos work on the pendulum

Marco Polo, Venetian traveller and merchant, 19th century. Together with his father Niccolo and uncle Matteo, Marco Polo (1254-1324) set off from Venice for Asia in 1271

Reconstruction of a medieval conception of the universe, 19th century?
Reconstruction of medieval conception of the universe, 19th century? A flat earth surrounded by the crystalline spheres. A man has broken through the outermost of these

Slave labour on a sugar plantation in the West Indies, 1725. Cane is cut and taken to vertical crushing mill powered by oxen

Copernican sun-centred (heliocentric) system of the universe, 1708. This shows the orbit of the Moon round the Earth, and the orbits of the Earth and planets round the Sun

Ancient Egyptian cosmos, c1025 BC. Nut (heaven), stretches over the Earth, represented by her brother Geb, who lies below her

Lyon Playfair, Scottish chemist and politician, 1881. Artist: Edward Linley Sambourne
Lyon Playfair, Scottish chemist and politician, 1881. Playfair (1818-1898) in the chair as Deputy Speaker of the Commons during a late night session

Edisons incandescent light globe in a table lamp fitting, 1891. The filament here is carbonised bamboo fibres. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), American physicist and inventor

Edisons incandescent lamps showing various forms of carbon filament, 1883. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), American physicist and inventor, produced the first successful electric light bulb

Edisons carbon filament lamp, 1880. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931), American physicist and inventor, produced the first successful electric light bulb

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, early 17th century, (c1903). Kepler (1571-1630) went to Prague in 1600 to assist Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, c1600, (c1870). Kepler (1571-1630) went to Prague in 1600 to assist Tycho Brahe. On Tychos death the following year

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