Oxford Science Archive Collection (page 16)

Copernican (heliocentric) system of the universe, 17th century. Artist: Johannes Hevelius
Copernican (heliocentric) system of the universe, 17th century. Nicholas Copernicus published his sun-centred theory of the universe in his De Revolutionibus (1543)

Experiment to calculate the speed of sound in air, Paris, 1822, (c1880). Artist: Robert Brown
Experiment to calculate the speed of sound in air, Paris, 1822, (c1880). In 1822 the French appointed a commission to find the speed of sound in air

Leclanche wet cell, an early storage battery, 20th century. Invented by the French engineer Georges Leclanche (1839-1882), this was an early form of the zinc carbon (dry cell) battery

Spectroscopic apparatus used by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, c1895
Spectroscopic apparatus used by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887). Discovered Spectrum Analysis (1859)

Scene from Jules Vernes From the Earth to the Moon, 1865. Splash down! The space travellers touching down in the sea after their trip to the Moon

Jules Verne (1828-1905), De la Terre a la Lune, 1865, Paris. Blast Off !

Jules Verne (1828-1905), Autour de la Lune, 1865. Space capsule manoeuvering ready for Moon landing

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), Swiss mathematician, 1801
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Swiss mathematician, 1801

Assayer testing samples of gold or silver using a balance, 1683. Artist: Lazarus Ercker
Assayer testing samples of gold or silver using a balance, 1683. From English edition of Lazarus Ercker Allerfurnemisten mineralischen Ertzt und Berckwercksarten, originally published in Prague, 1574

The apothecarys shop, Strasbourg, 1483. Artist: Johannis De Cuba
The apothecarys shop. From Johannis de Cuba Ortus Sanitatis, Strasbourg, 1483

Members of the French air corps on bomb practice at Chalons, 1912
Members of the French air corps on bomb practice at Chalons. From Le Petit Journal, Paris, 14 April 1912

Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. Artist: Gaultherius Rivius
Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. From Gaultherus Rivius Architecture Mathematischen Kunst, Nuremberg

Symptoms of the tertiary phase of syphilis, c19th century. A patient afflicted with sores and ulcers to the neck and face, including one which has destroyed part of the nasal cartilage

Astrolabe, Arabian navigational instrument, 11th century. An astrolabe was an ancient navigational instrument, forerunner of the sextant, to fix the position of a star

Physician examining a specimen of patients urine, c. 1600 (19th century)
Physician examining a specimen of patients urine, c.1600 (19th century)

Petrol-driven car by Benz & Co. capable of 16 km per hour, c1890s
Petrol-driven car by Benz & Co. capable of 16 km per hour. Karl Benz made his first four-wheeled prototype in 1891, and by 1895 he was building a range of four-wheeled vehicles that were light

Albert Einstein (1879-1955), mathematical physicist, c1979. Medal awarded annually to deserving individuals for outstanding scientific findings, works, or publications related to Albert Einstein

Elevated Railway in New York, from The Picture Magazine, c19th century
Elevated Railway in New York, an illustration taken from The Picture Magazine, c19th century

Karl Guthe Jansky, American physicist and radio engineer, c1940. In 1932, while carrying out research into static that might interfere with voice radio transmissions

First lockstitch sewing machine, invented by Elias Howe, c19th century
The first lockstitch sewing machine, patented by American inventor Elias Howe in 1846

Jean Baptiste Lamarck, (1744-1829), French naturalist. Said to be the first to use the term biology. Lamarcks own theory of evolution was in fact based on the idea that individuals adapt during their

Georgius Agricola, 16th century German physician, mineralogist and metallurgist. Agricola (christened Georg Bauer) (1494-1555) was the author of De re metallica

Jean Bernard Leon Foucault (1819-1868), French physicist, 19th century. Known especially for his research on the speed of light, he also improved astronomical instruments, especially the telescope

Ignaz Philip Semmelweis (1818-1865), Hungarian obstetrician, 19th century

Rock Salt: Miners at work in salt mine, Wieliczka, Galicia, Poland, 20th century. Cigarette card c1920

Rock Salt: Refining salt, Northwich, Cheshire, England, c19th century

Rock Salt: Miners at work in salt mine near Cracow, Poland, c1820. Not all the salt is excavated, some pillars being left to support the roof of the mine

The Cathedral, Marston Salt Mine, Northwich, Cheshire, England, 19th century
The Cathedral, Marston Salt Mine, Northwich, Cheshire, England, showing the pillars of salt that have been left to support the ceiling of the cavern which has been left after the excavation of rock

Producing salt by evaporating sea water in salt pans, 1556
Producing salt by evaporating sea water in salt pans. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel 1556)

Evaporating pots of brine in a natural hot spring to obtain salt, 1556
Evaporating pots of brine in a natural hot spring to obtain salt. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Salt Works, Amsterdam, 1660. Right: quality of product is being shown to potential customer: Left: women are refining brine in a boiler

Evaporating sea water in iron pots to obtain salt, 1556
Evaporating sea water in iron pots to obtain salt. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Shovelling salt at South Durham Salt Works, 1884. Top: Shovelling salt from pans in which brine pumped up from borehole was evaporated. Bottom: Stoking the furnace heating the evaporating tanks

Various representations of hydrodynamics, Wurtemberg, c1850. 2) Fountain: 3) Persian wheel or Noria: 4) Archimedes Screw: 5) Chain pump: 6&7) Suction and force pumps: 8) Fire engine: 10, 11

Various musical instruments and sounds, Wurtemberg, c1850. Key: 1) Condensed and rarified sound waves: 2) Echoes: 4) Megaphone: 5) Ear trumpet: 6) Speaking tube: 7) The Ear: 10-20) Musical instruments

Woman using sewing machine patented by Elias Howe [c1878]
Woman using sewing machine patented by Elias Howe. [c1878]. Howe, an American inventor (1819-1867), patented the first lock-stitch sewing machine in 1846. From Adams Illustrated Panorama of History

First lock-stitch sewing machine, [1915]. Constructed in 1845 by American inventor Elias Howe (1819-1867). From a cigarette card. (1915)

Occultist, c19th century

Dmitiri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907), Russian chemist, c1900s
Dmitiri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907), Russian chemist, c.1900s. Famous for arranging the 63 known elements into a Periodic Table based on Atomic Mass

Claude Chappe (1763-1805), French engineer and inventor, c1901. An artists impression of Chappe demonstrating his aerial telegraph semaphore system

Reverse of medal commemorating 50 years of cinematography by the Lumiere brothers, 1945. August (1862-1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864-1948), French chemists and pioneers of cinematography, 1945

Obverse of medal commemorating 50 years of cinematography by the Lumiere brothers, 1945. August (1862-1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864-1948), French chemists and pioneers of cinematography

Louis Jean Lumiere (1864-1948), pioneer of cinematography, c1935
Louis Jean Lumiere (1864-1948), French chemist and pioneer of cinematography, c1935. Collaborated with his elder brother, Auguste. From obverse of commemorative plaquette

Etienne Jules Marey (1830-1903), French physiologist, 19th century. Pioneer of cinematography. From reverse of commemorative plaquette showing Marey at his desk

Thomas Alva Edisons kinetographic theatre, c1892. This combined the recording of sound and vision. From a cigarette card published 1915

Thomas Alva Edisons first Phonograph, 1878. In this model the cylinder on which the sound was recorded had to be rotated by hand. Instrument in recording mode

Etienne Jules Marey (1830-1903), with cine camera, 1903
Etienne Jules Marey (1830-1903), French physiologist, with cine camera, 1903. Top: Chambre chrono-photographique, the first cine-camera, is used to study movement of creatures in aquarium

Making recording on first model of Thomas Edisons Phonograph, c1878

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