Oxford Science Archive Collection (page 18)

An Allarm to Europe By a Late Prodigious Comet, 1680. Title page of pamphlet by John Hill on the comet of December 1680 (Kirch)

Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727) discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Sir Isaac Newtons house on the corner of Orange and St Martins Streets, London, c1880. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Woolsthorpe Manor, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton, 1840. (1642-1727). English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Newtons experiment splitting white light into the colours of the spectrum by a prism, 1757
Newtons experiment showing how white light is refracted by a prism and split into the colours of the spectrum, 1757. The dotted line shows the beam of light entering through the window

Optical phenomena observed and described by Sir Isaac Newton, 1704. The formation of a rainbow by dispersion and total internal reflection (Fig 15)

Suspension bridge to the South Stack lighthouse near Holyhead, Wales, c1860. Designed by David Alexander, the 91 foot lighthouse was completed in 1809

Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist and Denis Papin, French physicist, 1870
Robert Boyle, 17th century Anglo-Irish chemist and physicist, in his laboratory with Denis Papin, French physicist, 1870. Papin (1647-1712) is pointing to Boyles (1627-1691) air pump

Frozen materials viewed by English microscopist Robert Hooke, 1665. Observations of several kinds of frozen figures showing frozen urine (1), snowflakes (2) and ice flakes (4, 5, 6)

Hookes observations of the cellular structure of cork and a sprig of Sensitive Plant, 1665
Hookes observations of the cellular structure of cork and a sprig of Sensible (Sensitive) Plant, 1665. Hooke was the first to use the word cell to describe the honeycomb nature of cork

Hookes microscope with condenser for concentrating light, 1665. From left to right above are his barometer, refractometer for measuring refractive power of liquids, and lens-grinding machine

Johannes Hevelius, German astronomer, 1647. Known now by the latinized form of his name - Jan Hewel or Hewelcke - Hevelius (1611-1687)

Illustrations from English microscopist Robert Hookes Micrographia, 1665. 1: underside of a stinging nettle leaf; 2: beard of wild oat used in Hookes hygrometer; 3: section of head of wild oat; 4

Flea, wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect, 1665. The human flea (Pulex irritans) can transmit plague. From Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Louse clinging to a human hair, 1665
Human Louse, a wingless parasitic insect, 1665. The human louse, a wingless parasitic insect, is now known to be a vector for epidemics of typhus. From Micrographia by Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Percussion pendulum, 1725. An experiment to investigate the inertia of bodies using two suspended weights whose movements could be accurately measured

Manufacturing pencils, 1872. The lead (graphite) is set into a grooved strip of cedar, then a second strip of wood is placed on top and glued. The whole pencil was then placed in a machine and rounded

Explanation of principles of physics, 1725. The formation of a rainbow by dispersion and total internal reflection (top), and observing Newtons Rings (circular concentric interference fringes)

Typewriter patented by John Pratt in 1866 (1915)

George Atwoods machine for demonstrating the effect of gravity on falling bodies, c1780
George Atwoods machine for demonstrating and investigating the effect of gravity on falling bodies, c1780. Atwood (1746-1807), an English mathematician

Comparison of the teeth of an iguanodon with those of a modern iguana, 1836
Comparison of fossil teeth and nasal horn of an iguanodon and the lower jaw and teeth of a modern iguana, 1836. From Geology and Mineralogy by William Buckland, one of the Bridgewater Treatises

Triceratops, a horned dinosaur, held down by a Tyrannosaur, c1920. Artists reconstruction of a fight between two giant reptiles of the Cretaceous epoch (99, 000, 000-65, 000, 000 years ago)

Skeleton of Megatherium, extinct giant ground sloth, 1823. Megatherium was a prehistoric herbivore that lived in South America. This specimen was found in Paraguay in c1796

Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus), 1892. An extinct genus of elephant from the Pleistocene epoch (2, 500, 000 to 10, 000 years ago) found in fossil deposits and in northern Europe as 30

Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus) skeleton, 1830. An extinct genus of elephant from the Pleistocene epoch (2, 500, 000 to 10, 000 years ago) found in fossil deposits and in northern Europe as 30

Reconstruction of the Irish elk (Megaloceros), c1880. Megaloceros is an extinct genus of the Pleistocene epoch (2, 500, 000 to 10, 000 years ago) found as fossils in Asia and Europe

Dream Lead Mine, near Wirksworth, Derbyshire, 1881. Sectional view showing the workings and the position in which a skeleton of a rhinoceros was discovered

Discovery of iguanodon fossils, Bernissart, Belgium, 1878 (c1880). 39 skeletons of the herbivorous dinosaur were discovered in a coal mine by Jules Creteur and his workmates

Fossil hunting in Cherry Hinton chalk pit, Cambridgeshire, 1822. One of the quarry workers is handing a find, an ammonite perhaps, to a gentleman collector

Advertisement for Edison phonograph cylinder recordings, 1900. From Scientific American. (New York, 1900). Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

Cutting coin blanks from metal strips, Royal Mint, London, 1897. After being cut, the blanks were then put in a coin stamping press

Part of the production line at Fords Highland Park factory, Detroit, Michigan, USA, c1914. The factory, 4.5 miles from the centre of Detroit was the first to make use of assembly-line techniques

Milling the edges of coins, Royal Mint, London, 1891. A milled edge meant that metal could not be stolen from the edges of gold and silver coins by clipping, so reducing their intrinsic value

Coining press at the Royal Mint, London, 1891

Henry Ford, American engineer and automobile manufacturer, c1910-c1930. In 1903, Henry Ford (1863-1947) founded the Ford Motor Company

Melting house at the Paris mint, 1892. Pouring gold into moulds to form standard ingots

Ford Model T, 1910. Artist: Ford Motor Company
Ford Model T, 1910. The Model T was introduced by Henry Ford in 1909 and the Ford Motor Companys Detroit factory was adapted for its mass production

Testing the weight of gold pieces, Paris mint, 1892

Filling shrapnel shells in a British munitions factory, World War I, 1914-1918

Bird s-eye view of Krupps works, Essen, Germany, 1876. In 1826, aged only 14, Alfred Krupp (1812-1887) took over the steel-making factory founded by his father Friedrich

Alfred Krupp, German industrialist and armaments manufacturer, 1886. In 1826, aged only 14, Alfred Krupp (1812-1887) took over the steel-making factory founded by his father Friedrich

Packing tea in the warehouses of the East & West India Dock Company, London, 1874. Refilling tea chests after bulking (remixing after the journey as smaller leaves)

Bulking tea in the warehouses of the East & West India Dock Company, London, 1874. Bulking was a process necessary especially with Indian tea

Dockers unloading sugar at West India Docks, London, 1889. Each docker wheels a trolley carrying a single sack which is recorded and marked

Dockers unloading tea in London Docks, 1889

Making bicycle handlebars, France, 1896. A man works on handlebars clamped in a vice. Behind him is a forge with multiple work stations

Unloading frozen meat from Australia, South West India Dock, Millwall, London, 1881. Interior of the hold of the Catania, which sailed on 28 August from Sydney with nearly 120 tons of meat

Packing and weighing tea for export on a Ceylon (Sri Lanka) estate, 1905

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