Arithmetic Collection (page 8)

Title page of The Description and Use of the Sector by Edmund Gunter, 1636. It shows mariners holding various navigational instruments, including a sector and a cross-staff at the top

Cross-staffs used for surveying, 1551. In this case they are being used to measure the width of a river by triangulation. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Using a cross-staff to measure the height of a tower, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Measuring the distance of an inaccessible object by triangulation using a hinged staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Reiner Gemma Frisius, Dutch astronomer, geographer, cartographer and mathematician, 1539. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) holding an adjustable ring dial for determining the altitude of the Sun for

Forms of astrolabe in use for surveying, 1650. Vignette from a multiplication table

Title page of Samuel Sturmy, Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Artist: Samuel Sturmy
Title page of Samuel Sturmy Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Sturmy (1633-1669) was a sea captain and sailed to the West Indies and Virginia

Finding the angular distance between two edges of a wood using a cross-staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Costume design for classical figures, 16th century. Artist: Giuseppe Arcimboldi
Costume design for classical figures, 16th century. Top left: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), Roman orator and statesman. Top right: Euclid (active 300 BC), Greek mathematician

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, c1900
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, German physicist and physiologist, c1900. The inventor of the opthalmoscope (1850)

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, German physicist and physiologist, 1907. The inventor of the opthalmoscope (1850)

Hoxton Division, 1899. Artist: Stuff
Hoxton Division, 1899. James Stuart (1843-1913) British mathematician and engineer, champion of university education for women

Surveying, early 17th century. Method of using a quadrant fitted with a plumb line and marked with shadow scales to measure the depth of a well. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Surveying and timekeeping, 1551. On the left are various different kinds of sundial and a clock with a single arm. On the right a survey is being made of the height of the tower, using quadrants

Surveying, 1551. Obtaining the height of a building by the use of a cross-staff. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Use of the magnetic compass in map making, 1643. Diagram of the use of the compass by cartographers and surveyors. Bor (Borealis) is north and Aust (Australis) is south

Richard Anthony Proctor, English astronomer, mathematician and popular science writer, 1883. Artist: Spy
Richard Anthony Proctor, English astronomer, mathematician and popular science writer, 1883. Proctor (1837-1888) founded Knowledge, a science periodical, in 1881

Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist, inventing the mercury barometer, 1643 (1873)
Evangelista Torricelli, Italian physicist and mathematician, inventing the mercury barometer, 1643 (1873). Torricelli (1608-1647)

Blaise Pascal, 17th century French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher, 1878. Pascal (1623-1662) carrying out experiments with a mercury barometer on the tower of St

Pierre Simon Laplace, French mathematician and astronomer, 18th century. Laplaces (1749-1827) five volume Mecanique celeste (1799-1825)

Dorothea Klumpke Roberts, American mathematician and astronomer, 1903. Roberts (1861-1942) at work on the Carte du Ciel at the Paris Observatory

Sonia (Sophie) Kowalevski, Russian mathematician, 1888. Kowalevski (1850-1891) was appointed professor of mathematics at Stockholm in 1884

Regular geometrical solids of various types, 1619. On centre right are the geometrical solids for the elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water and the fifth heavenly element

Using a quadrant with a plumb bob to calculate the height of a tower by triangulation, 1551. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Plaquette commemorating the death of Henri Poincare, French mathematician, 1912
Plaquette commemorating the death of Henri Poincare, French mathematician and philosopher, 1912. Poincare (1854-1912) is best remembered for his work on topology and celestial mechanics

James Brindley, English civil engineer and canal builder, c1770 (1835). Brindley (1716-1772) rests a hand on a theodolite and points to the aqueduct over the Irwell on the Worsley to Manchester

Jean and Jacques Bernoulli working on geometrical problems, 18th century, (1874). Jacques (Jakob) Bernoulli (1654-1705) and his brother Jean (Johann) Bernoulli (1667-1748)

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, French astronomer and mathematician, in Finland, 1736, (1874). In 1736 Maupertuis (1698-1759)

Galileo observing the swaying of the chandelier in Pisa Cathedral, c1584 (1870). Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist

Frontispiece of A New System of Mathematicks by Jonas Moore, 1681. This book, intended for the mathematical school at Christs Hospital

Jean le Rond d Alembert, 18th century French philosopher and mathematician, 1834. D Alembert (1717-1783) collaborated with Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

Jean le Rond d Alembert, French philosopher and mathematician, late 18th century. Artist: Louis Jacques Cathelin
Jean le Rond d Alembert, French philosopher, mathematician and encyclopedist, late 18th century. D Alembert (1717-1783) collaborated with Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

Keplers explanation of the structure of the planetary system, 1619. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) used the five regular polyhedra between the spheres of the planets in the diagram of his explanation

Lucas Gaurico, Italian astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, 16th century. Artist: Theodor de Bry
Lucas Gaurico, Italian astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, [16th century]. Gaurico (1476-1558) was appointed Professor of Mathematics at Ferrara in 1531 and became Bishop of Civitata in 1545

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), Swiss mathematician, 1801
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Swiss mathematician, 1801

Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. Artist: Gaultherius Rivius
Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. From Gaultherus Rivius Architecture Mathematischen Kunst, Nuremberg

Albert Einstein (1879-1955), mathematical physicist, c1979. Medal awarded annually to deserving individuals for outstanding scientific findings, works, or publications related to Albert Einstein

Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), British astronomer and physicist, c1934
Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), British astronomer, physicist and mathematician.. Supporter and promoter of Einsteins theories of Relativity, c1934

Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician, c1720 (1794). Edmond Halley (1656-1742), Astronomer Royal from 1720 until 1742

James Gregory, 17th century Scottish mathematician and astronomer. In 1663 Gregory (1638-1675) published Optica Promota describing his design for a reflecting telescope

Euclid, Ancient Greek mathematician, 1661. Euclids (fl300 BC) main achievements in mathematics were in the field of geometry. Frontispiece of an edition of his Elements of Geometry. (London, 1661)

Isaac Newton, English mathematician and physicist. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727) discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Sir Isaac Newtons house on the corner of Orange and St Martins Streets, London, c1880. English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Woolsthorpe Manor, near Grantham, Lincolnshire, birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton, 1840. (1642-1727). English scientist and mathematician Isaac Newtons (1642-1727)

Method of laying an artillery piece on target using Gunners scale, 18th century. Paths of trajectories and various types of ammunition are shown

Lord Kelvin, Scottish mathematician and physicist, 1876. Born William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge

Albert Einstein and other physicists at Paul Ehrenfests home, Leyden, Netherlands. Einstein (1879-1955) (left) with Paul Ehrenfest, Paul Langevin (1872-1946) (centre)

Euclid, Greek mathematician, 1740. Euclids (fl300 BC) main achievements in mathematics were in the field of geometry

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