Ruler Collection (page 14)

Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, 9th century (18th century). Artist: George Vertue
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, 9th century (18th century). After coming to the throne in 871, much of Alfreds (849-899) reign was taken up with the struggle against the Danish invaders

An Arab sheikh smoking, 1848. Artist: Saint Germain
An Arab sheikh smoking, 1848. Illustration from The Valley of the Nile by Emile Prisse d Avennes

Henry VII, King of England, and a billman, (1824). Henry (1457-1509) came to the throne in 1485 after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field

Alexander II, King of Scotland, (1824). The son of William the Lion and Ermengarde of Beaumont, Alexander II (1198-1249) ascended the throne of Scotland in 1214

Queen Victoria, 1901. From Le Musee de Sires, Feuille de Caricatures, 1901

King Richard II with his father Edward III, (1799). Regarded as one of the most successful of Englands medieval monarchs, Edward III (1312-1377) reigned from 1327

Queen Victoria, 1859. Artist: Franz Xaver Winterhalter
Queen Victoria, 1859. Victoria (1819-1901) succeeded her uncle, William IV, to the throne in 1837. Her reign, the longest of any British monarch to date

Henri IV of France as King of Navarre, 1589. Artist: Theodore de Bry
Henri IV of France as King of Navarre, 1589. Henry (1553-1610) became King of Navarre in 1572 and ascended the French throne in 1589

Queen Victoria, 21 June 1887. A portrait of Queen Victoria (1819-1901) on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee

Richard I, King of England, 1194 (1824). The third son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard I (1157-1199) reigned as King of England from 1189-1199

Henry VIII, King of England, 1525 (1824). Henry (1491-1547) succeeded his father, Henry VII, in 1509. Obsessed with passing the throne on to a male heir, he had six wives in the course of his reign

Louis XII Declared Father of the People, 1506 (1789). Artist: Jean Baptiste Morret
Louis XII Declared Father of the People, 1506 (1789). Louis XII (1462-1515) became King of France in 1498. He was a popular king

Edward the Confessor and Alfred the Great, English kings, 19th century. Alfred became King of Wessex in 871. Much of his reign was taken up with the struggle against the Danish invaders

The abdication of Napoleon and his departure from Fontainebleau for Elba, 20th April 1814. The defeat at the Battle of Leipzig

Philip II, King of Spain from 1556, (1735). Artist: George Vertue
Philip II, King of Spain from 1556, (1735). The son of Emperor Charles V (1500-1558) and husband of Mary I (1518-1558), Queen of England from 1553, Philip II ascended the Spanish throne in 1556

William IV, King of the United Kingdom, c1830-1837. Artist: L Mansion
William IV, King of the United Kingdom, c1830-1837. William (1765-1837) succeeded his elder brother, George IV, as king in 1830. Plate 14 from Costume of the Royal Navy and Marines

Celebration of the Marriage of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, 1589 (c1610-1625). James I became was the first Stuart king of England, succeeding Elizabeth I after her death in 1603

Queen Victoria, 19th century. Artist: John Henry Lynch
Queen Victoria, 19th century

Murad Bey, 18th century (1822). Artist: Nicolas Ponce
Murad Bey, 18th century (1822). Of Georgian descent, Murad Bey (1750-1801) was a Mamluk chieftain and joint ruler of Egypt with Ibrahim Bey

King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra on their way to the State Opening of Parliament, 1900s
King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra on their way to the State Opening of Parliament, London, 1900s. Edward VII (1841-1910) and Alexandra (1844-1925) riding in the Royal coach

King Edward VII at the opening of his first Parliament, London, 14 February, 1901. King Edward VII (1841-1910) and Queen Alexandra (1844-1925)

Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 1901. Artist: Samuel Begg
Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 1901. Before his accession to the throne in 1901, Edward (1841-1910) held the title of Prince of Wales

Bluecoat schoolboys showing their drawings to Queen Victoria, 3 April 1873 (1901). At Buckingham Palace, London. From The Illustrated London News, 1901

Mahmud II, Ottoman Emperor, 1808. Artist: John Young
Mahmud II, Ottoman Emperor, 1808. Mahmud (1785-1839) became Sultan in 1808 after the overthrow of Mustafa IV. His reign saw a resumption of the programme of westernising reform begun by his cousin

Mustafa IV, Ottoman Emperor, 1808. Artist: John Young
Mustafa IV, Ottoman Emperor, 1808. Mustafa (1779-1808) became Sultan in 1807 after the overthrow of Selim III. Continuing support for Selim led to a revolt, prompting Mustafa to have him murdered

Selim III, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Selim III, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Selim (1761-1808) was Sultan from 1789-1807. Influenced by the events of the French Revolution, he embarked on a programme of westernisation and reform

Ibrahim I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Ibrahim I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Ibrahim (1615-48) succeeded his brother Murat IV as Sultan in 1640. Mentally unstable

Mustafa II, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Mustafa II, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Mustafa (1664-1703) became Sultan in 1695. His reign saw the empire embroiled in a prolonged and unsuccessful war against the Holy League of Austria

Mehmed IV, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Mehmed IV, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Mehmed (1642-1693) was Sultan from 1648 until 1687. He came to the throne at the age of seven, succeeding his father, the mentally unstable Ibrahim I

Murad IV, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Murad IV, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Murad (1612-1640) became Sultan in 1623 when he deposed his mentally unstable uncle, Mustapha I

Mustafa I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Mustafa I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Mustafa (1591-1639) became Sultan in 1617. Suffering from mental illness or disability he was merely a puppet of powerful courtiers and was deposed in 1618

Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Ahmed I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Ahmed (1590-1617) was Sultan from 1603. Devoutly religious, he is best remembered for ordering the construction of the great Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque)

Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Mehmed III (1566-1603) was Sultan of Turkey from 1595-1603. He was notorious for having 27 of his brothers and half-brothers

Murad III, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Murad III, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Murad (1546-1595) was Sultan from 1574. His reign saw lengthy wars with Austria and Persia and an institutional

Bayezid II, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Bayezid II, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Called Aldi (the Just), Bayezid (c1447-1512) was Sultan from 1481-1512. His reign saw a policy of territiorial expansion

Selim I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Selim I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Known as Yavuz (the Cruel), Selim (1466-1520) ruled from 1512-1520. When he came to the throne he had his uncles

Mehmed II, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Known as Fatih (the Conqeuror), Mehmed (1432-1481) ruled the Ottoman Empire briefly from 1444-1446, then again from 1451 until his death

Mehmed I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Mehmed (1387-1421) ruled from 1413-1421. He reunified the empire after its defeat by Timur at the Battle of Ankara in 1402

Orhan I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). The second Ottoman Emperor, Orhan (1288-1359) ruled from 1326-1359. He expanded the empire by conquering most of western Anatolia

Osman I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Artist: John Young
Osman I, Ottoman Emperor, (1808). Osman (1259-1326) founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299. From A Series of Portraits of the Emperors of Turkey, 1808

Richard II, King of England, (18th century). Artist: George Vertue
Richard II, King of England, (18th century). The reign of Richard II (1367-1400) was characterised by intermittent periods of tension between the king and the barons

John, King of England, (18th century). Artist: George Vertue
John, King of England, (18th century). John, (c1166-1216) succeeded his elder brother Richard I (known as Richard the Lionheart ) as King of England on April 6, 1199

William the Conqueror, 11th century Duke of Normandy and King of England, (18th century). William (1027-1087) came to the throne of England as King William I after defeating the English under Harold

Philip II, King of Spain, (1780). Artist: Pierre Duflos
Philip II, King of Spain, (1780). The son of Emperor Charles V (1500-1558) and husband of Mary I (1518-1558), Queen of England from 1553, Philip II ascended the Spanish throne in 1556

Cosimo III de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1701. Artist: Theodor Verkruys
Cosimo III de Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1701. From I Pregi della Toscana by Fulvio Fontana. Cosimo III de Medici (1642-1723) was the sixth Grand Duke of Tuscany

Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, c1625. Artist: William Hole
Charles I, King of Great Britain and Ireland, c1625. Charles (1600-1649) was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649

William III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, (1780). Artist: Pierre Duflos
William III, King of Great Britain and Ireland, (1780). William of Orange (1650-1702) was invited by a conspiracy of English notables to depose the Catholic James II

Equestrian portrait of Oliver Cromwell, c1655. Artist: Albert Haelwegh
Equestrian portrait of Oliver Cromwell, c1655. Cromwell (1599-1658) commanded the forces of Parliament during the English Civil War. After the war England, Scotland and Ireland became a commonwealth

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