Metal Industry Collection (page 2)

Tinman, 16th century (1849). Artist: Jost Amman
Tinman, 16th century (1849). A 19th century version based on an original 16th century wood engraving. From Le Moyen Age et la Renaissance, by Paul Lacroix, Ferdinand Sere and A Rivaud

A copper factory in Cornwall, 19th century. Artist: Jean Baptiste Henri Durand Brager
A copper factory in Cornwall, 19th century

Section of a Blast Furnace, Showing its Food, c1880. A print from Great Industries of Great Britain, Volume I, published by Cassell Petter and Galpin, (London, Paris, New York, c1880)

The Bessemer process for the mass-production of steel, c1880. Artist: CJB
The Bessemer process for the mass-production of steel, c1880. A print from Great Industries of Great Britain, Volume I, published by Cassell Petter and Galpin, (London, Paris, New York, c1880)

The blast furnaces at Summerlea by night, c1880. Artist: WD Scott-Moncrieff
The blast furnaces at Summerlea by night, c1880. A print from Great Industries of Great Britain, Volume I, published by Cassell Petter and Galpin, (London, Paris, New York, c1880)

Smelting iron furnace, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Smelting iron furnace, pig iron mould, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Forging mill, furnace, ground moulding, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Metal gilders, 1751-1777
Gilder, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 1683. Copper is melted (1) while an apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water

The Iron Founder, Rotherham, Yorkshire, 1821. Metal worker ladling molten metal drawn off from the furnace on the left into a mould created by a pattern pressed into damp sand

Iron foundry, 1802. At top are two views of a furnace, on the right showing the operation of the bellows which supplied the draught and, on the left, smelted metal being poured into moulds

Henri Etienne St Claire Deville, 19th century French chemist, (c1955). In 1854 Deville (1818-1881) discovered the process for obtaining pure aluminium by reducing aluminium chloride with sodium

Women washing the precious metal platinum from alluvial gravels, Urals, Russia, 1916

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment, 1683. 1) Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature

Washing ore to extract gold, 1683. Water is fed into a sieve containing crushed ore. The solution containing ore in suspension is fed along collecting pans, often lined with dark woollen cloth

Needle-making equipment, 1819. The large machine at bottom right is George Priors dry grinder with a box partly enclosing the grindstone to minimise dust (1813)

Carglaze tin mine, near St Austell, Cornwall, England, c1825, (1837). Tin mining was practised in Cornwall since the Bronze Age, but reached its peak in the 19th century

Georgius Agricola, 16th century German physician, mineralogist and metallurgist. Agricola (christened Georg Bauer) (1494-1555) was the author of De re metallica

Dalcoath copper mine, Camborne, Cornwall, c1830. View of the mine showing engine houses and Bolling Maidens who broke ore into small pieces. The mine later also produced tin

Tin mine between Camborne and Redruth, Cornwall, c1860. Ore is being washed in the foreground, while in the background, Cornish steam engine houses powering mine pumps

Smelting of ores (gold, silver, copper and lead), 1556. A workman beats clay to make lute to line a furnace. On the floor are various tools needed during the smelting process

Lead smelting, 1556. From De re metallica by Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Separating lead from silver or gold in a cupellation furnace, 1556. The Foreman consumed quantities of butter to avoid being poisoned (to prevent absorption of lead in the stomach)

Blast furnaces, South Wales, 1885. The pollution being generated during the production of iron and steel at Siemens Iron and Steel Works, Landore

Industrial laboratory at Thomas Firth & Sons Norfolk Works, Sheffield, c1900. Thomas Firth & Sons Ltd was founded c1840 by Mark Firth

Interior, Thomas Firth & Sons Norfolk Works, Sheffield, c1890. Twelve men, each with a work station facing a window, hand-cutting files from blanks of crucible steel

Needle making workshop, 1751-1780. Cutting needle lengths from steel wire (1), flattening the end (4), stamping the eye (2), punching the eye (3), filing the eye and pointing the end (7)

Tapping a blast furnace and casting iron into pigs, c1900. From The Marvels of Metals by FM Holmes. (London, c1900)

Nant-y-Glow Iron Works, Monmouthshire, Wales, c1780, (c1830). This shows the works by moonlight. The buildings on the left are probably puddling furnaces, those on the right blast furnaces

Blast furnace for smelting iron ore, 1556. From De re Metallica by Georgius Agricola. Basel, 1556)

Stamp for breaking copper cupellation cakes for further refining, 1556. Powered by a water wheel through a drive shaft. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola. (Basel, 1556)

Stamping and roasting ore to extract metal, 1556. This technique was used to extract lead, copper, silver and gold. The mill is powered by a water wheel

Blast furnaces, Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company, Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, 1890. A charge being taken to the top of a furnace on a railway

Blast furnaces at the Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA, 1873

Rolling mills, Saint-Jacques works, Chatillon-Commentry Company, France, 1894. Men are wearing leggings and heavy leather aprons to protect them from contact with hot metal

Tapping a blast furnace and running molten iron into the pigs, c1885

Charging a blast furnace at the Govan Iron Works, Scotland, c1885. The charge was fed into a cup around the cone, the cone was lifted and the charge fell into the top of the furnace

Boring the cylinder of the Britannia Press at the Bank Quay Foundry, Warrington, 1851. Boring the cylinder for the hydraulic press (lift)

Casting the cylinder of the Britannia Press at the Bank Quay Foundry, Warrington, 1851. Casting the cylinders for the hydraulic press (lift)

Casting a mortar at Grissells Regents Canal Ironworks, City Road, London, 1855. A Nasmyth safety ladle (invented 1838) is being used. From The Illustrated London News, December 29 1855

The foundry or cast house, Butterley Ironworks, Derbyshire, 1844. Tapping the furnace and casting iron into pigs. A manager in top hat and tail coat watches the procedure

Casting the bell for the Westminster Clock Tower, 1856. Tapping furnaces at Warner & Sons Barrett Furnaces, Stockton-on-Tees, England. From The Illustrated London News, August 23 1856

Bank of furnaces, Lymington Iron Works, Tyneside, England, 1835. By this time the Nielsen hot blast process, invented in 1824, was in general use

Forging a magnet, 1600. The piece of metal on the anvil is aligned north/south. From De Magnete by William Gilbert. (London, 1600)

Baker and Finnemores pen factory, St Pauls Square, Birmingham, England, 1870
Bakers and Finnemores Pen Factory, St Pauls Square, Birmingham, England, 1870. On the left, blanks are being stamped from strips of steel with machines powered through shaft and belting

Making chains in the Cradley Heath district of the Black Country in the English Midlands, 1890. Women made the smaller sizes of chain. A No.8 had about 79 links per metre

Man Vitiates his Environment, early 20th century. A group of typical early 20th century blast furnaces with smoking chimneys causing atmospheric pollution

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