Manufacturing Collection (page 21)

Glass cutters at their wheels, c1870. The vessel to be cut is held against a rotating wheel powered by steam through belt and shafting

Webbs chemical factory, Diglis, Worcestershire, c1860. The tall building to the right behind the chimney contains lead chambers for the production of Sulphuric Acid

Blowing cylinder or sheet glass, c1860
Blowing cylinder, sheet or window glass, c1860. This method of making sheet glass was introduced into England by Robert Lucas Chance in 1832

Wedgwood factory, Etruria, Hanley, Staffordshire, England. Josiah Wedgwoods (1730-1795) Ivy and Etruria works were the first in Britain to maufacture ceramics on an industrial scale

Wedgwood Etruria potteries, Hanley, Staffordshire. The factory viewed from the Etruria Canal which was constructed in order to transport finished wares from the potteries

Scene in a Staffordshire pottery factory, c1851. Mixing and grinding ingredients for the production of pottery in the factorys mill room

Josiah Wedgwood, English industrialist and potter. Artist: W Holl
Josiah Wedgwood, English industrialist and potter. Wedgwood (1730-1795) is credited with the industrialisation of pottery manufacture at his factories

Worsted manufacturing, c1845. A man, woman and small boy working a wheel for combing long staple wool into slivers for worsted manufacture

Carding, drawing and roving cotton, c1830. A carding engine (left) delivers cotton in a single sliver. The factory is operated by shafts and belting, which could be powered by water or steam

Weaving shed fitted with rows of power looms driven by belt and shafting, c1840

Boring the cylinder of the Britannia Press at the Bank Quay Foundry, Warrington, 1851. Boring the cylinder for the hydraulic press (lift)

Casting the cylinder of the Britannia Press at the Bank Quay Foundry, Warrington, 1851. Casting the cylinders for the hydraulic press (lift)

Casting a mortar at Grissells Regents Canal Ironworks, City Road, London, 1855. A Nasmyth safety ladle (invented 1838) is being used. From The Illustrated London News, December 29 1855

The foundry or cast house, Butterley Ironworks, Derbyshire, 1844. Tapping the furnace and casting iron into pigs. A manager in top hat and tail coat watches the procedure

Casting the bell for the Westminster Clock Tower, 1856. Tapping furnaces at Warner & Sons Barrett Furnaces, Stockton-on-Tees, England. From The Illustrated London News, August 23 1856

Weaver at his loom, 1823. This man would be a piece-worker with his loom in his house, and would produce lengths of cloth for a merchant who often supplied him with his yarn

Potter at work at the Wedgwoods Etruria factory, Hanley, Staffordshire, c1830. An assistant turns a wheel to operate the belt driving the potters wheel

Henry Ford, American automobile engineer and manufacturer, 1908. In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. He pioneered modern assembly line mass production techniques for his famous Model

Henry Bessemer, English engineer and inventor, 1881. Artist: Lock & Whitfield
Henry Bessemer, English engineer and inventor, 1881. Born at Charlton, near Hitchen, Hertfordshire, Bessemer (1813-1893) took out many patents but is best remembered for his invention of the Bessemer

Jacquard power loom, 1915. In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) invented a method of weaving intricate patterns by encoding them on punched cards

Silver Ghost Rolls Royce at Rally, Cheshire, England, c1960. Artist: CM Dixon
Silver Ghost Rolls Royce at Rally, Cheshire, England, c1960. The Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost chassis was first made at Royces Manchester works, with production moving to Derby in July 1908

Lime kilns, 1872. Burning limestone to produce lime for cement and mortar and for agricultural use

Pin and needle maker, c1559-1591. Artist: Jost Amman
Pin and needle maker, c1559-1591. A craftsman and two assistants busy in a workshop

Shoemaker, c1559-1591. Artist: Jost Amman
Shoemaker, c1559-1591. A master craftsman serves a female customer at his shop window, while his two assistants sew shoes from pieces of leather their master has cut out on his workbench

Sugar factory and plantation in the West Indies, 1686. Artist: Allain Manesson Mallet
Sugar factory and plantation in the West Indies, 1686. Cane is crushed in a horse or mule-powered mill with vertical rollers (centre left)

Cotton manufacture: mule spinning, c1830. A self-acting mule of the type devised by Richard Roberts in 1825. Roberts spinning mule produced better yarn than any other machine

Spinning cotton with self-acting mules of the type devised by Richard Roberts in 1825 (c1835). These could be powered by water wheel or steam engine

Woman armaments worker, World War II, 1940. A woman in a tank factory being instructed in the use of a metal power drill

History of Paper: 2, c1900. Papyrus reed (Cyperus papyrus) being used to make writing material in Ancient Egypt. The stem of the reed was used to make a form of paper

The Factory Children, 1814. Artist: George Walker of Seacroft
The Factory Children, 1814. Boy and girl employees walk to work carrying the days food in baskets. In the background is a typical West Riding mill for wool or cotton

Baker and Finnemores pen factory, St Pauls Square, Birmingham, England, 1870
Bakers and Finnemores Pen Factory, St Pauls Square, Birmingham, England, 1870. On the left, blanks are being stamped from strips of steel with machines powered through shaft and belting

Making chains in the Cradley Heath district of the Black Country in the English Midlands, 1890. Women made the smaller sizes of chain. A No.8 had about 79 links per metre

Louis XIV of France visiting the Gobelins tapestry works, 17th century (late 19th century). Colbert, Louis Minister of Finance established Gobelins and the Sevres porcelain factory

Lace making, 1884. A small girl minding the spools to see that all runs smoothly on a machine winding cotton thread on bobbins for use in making Nottingham machine lace

Women operatives tending power looms in a Yorkshire woollen mill, 1883

Puddling furnace and mechanical hammer, Krupps Works, Essen, Germany, 19th century. Pig iron is being puddled to remove carbon and oxygen, after which the ball of hot metal (bloom) was then hammered

Hat Maker. Manufacture of beaver hats by felting material in a kettle (background) and blocking (shaping) the hat and brushing the pile. Although called beaver, little or no beaver fur was used

Potters workshop, c1860. A woman turns the wheel while a girl baller supplies the potter with lumps of clay of the correct weight for the next vessel to be thrown

Throwing an earthenware vessel, c1860. A belt-driven wheel of the type used at the Wedgwood and Copeland factories. The speed of the wheel is regulated by the boy raising or lowering a belt

Sugar refinery, Southampton, England, which opened in 1851. The boiler house (left foreground), engine house (centre left) and stove and retort house (centre and centre right)

Interior of a sugar refinery, 1860. Metal cones are being filled with liquid syrup which will crystallise to form sugar loaves

Grinding needle points, Redditch, England, c1830. A grindstone driven by water or steam. Needle grinding was well-paid work but the lives of grinders were short owing to the inhalation of dust

Die-stamping the channel and eye position on needle wires, Redditch, England, c1835. The operation used a foot-operated 13.6kg hammer

Needle-making, 1751-1780. Securing needles in polishing roll (1), polishing under a lead weight (5, 6), washing (2), drying (3), inspecting (4), and grinding points (7)

Needles: equipment for needle making from shears to cut wire (14) to polishing roll (13). From Diderots Encyclopedie. (Paris, 1751-1780)

Greenfield Brass Mill near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales, 1792. Artist: WC Wilson
Greenfield Brass Mill near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales, 1792. Illustration showing industrialisation in the rural landscape

Copperworks near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales owned by the Mona Company, 1792. Artist: William Watts
Copperworks near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales owned by the Mona Company, 1792. Illustration showing industrialisation in the rural landscape. Copper was mined on Anglesey (Mona)

The Silk-Worm, c1850. Artist: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins
The Silk-Worm, c1850. Silk, from the silk moth (Bombyx) to the finished product. The central panel shows the lifecycle of the moth from egg to adult

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