Manufacturing Collection (page 19)

Women manufacturing shell casings in a Russian factory, World War II, 1943

Young girls assembling machine guns in a Russian factory, 1943

Seamstresses of the National Union of Women, Frankfurt am Main, World War I, 1915. A photograph from Der Grosse Krieg in Bildern

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 1683. Copper is melted (1) while an apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water

Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, German motor industry pioneers, 1961. Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900), left, German engineer and inventor and Karl Friedrich Benz (1844-1929)

Making beaver hats, 1841. Although called beaver hats, a certain amount beaver fur was only used in the most expensive examples. In most others, rabbit fur was used

Shoemaker, c1845. A shoemaker sits by his bench working on a boot or shoe, his tools on a tray beside him. On the bench stand the leather and the sole for a boot

Making beaver hats, 1835. Although called beaver hats, a certain amount of beaver fur was only used in the most expensive examples. In most others, rabbit fur was used

Silk weaver, Bethnal Green, East London, 1893. A weaver at work on a hand loom in his cottage at Bethnal Green. His loom is set up by a wide window typical of weavers cottages in many English towns

Spitalfields silk weavers, 1893. Warners workshops, Spitalfields, East London. The weavers are working on hand looms and the weaving shed is lit by fishtail gas lights

Female silk worker, Spitalfields, London, 1833. A woman is winding silk onto the warping frame. The Spitalfields silk industry was begun by Huguenot refugees who left France after the Revocation by

British Iron Companys Works at Corngraves, near Halesowen, West Midlands, c1835. Corngraves, or Corngreaves, lies 7 miles south-west of Birmingham and 5 miles south of Dudley

Gottlieb Daimler, German industrial pioneer, 1900. With his partner Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929), Daimler (1834-1900) made engines small, lightweight and fast-running

Pierre-Alexander Darracq, French automobile manufacturer, 1901. Artist: Emile Cohl
Pierre-Alexander Darracq, French automobile manufacturer, 1901. Darracq (1855-1931) was one of the first to plan the mass production of motor vehicles

Hayle St Ives in the distance, c1860. Scene on the West Cornwall Railway, later part of the Great Western Railway (GWR). The boom time for the harbour

Sectional view of lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1870. Also known as Oil of Vitriol or H2S04, sulphuric acid was one of the most important of industrial chemicals

Sectional view of Gay-Lussacs lead chambers and absorption towers, 1870. These were for the large-scale production of sulphuric acid also (Oil of Vitriol or H2SO4)

Lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1874. Sectional view showing the process from beginning to end from the furnace (left) to the denitrating (or Glover) tower (right)

Platinum still for concentrating sulphuric acid (Oil of Vitriol or H2S04), 1844. The view shown here was at the Felling Chemical Works, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. From British Manufacturers by George Dodd

Production of sulphuric acid (Oil of Vitriol or H2S04), 1844. View of the passage between two lead chambers, Felling Chemical Works, Newcastle, England. From The Penny Magazine. (London 1844)

Distillation of Oil of Vitriol (sulphuric acid or H2S04), 1651. An iron retort with cover, detail at C, D, is placed in a furnace and connected to a receiver at A

Joseph-Marie Jacquard, French inventor, 1880. Jacquard (1752-1834), inventor of the punched card loom being attacked by the silk weavers of Lyon who were afraid his invention would put them out of

Boring wooden pipes, and casting and drawing iron pipes, c1825. At top is a machine for boring wooden pipes. The rest of the machines are for casting a drawing out iron pipes

Making Edison light bulbs, 1880. Vacuum apparatus used to exhaust Edison incandescent light bulbs at G (centre top). From Scientific American. (New York, 1880)

Producing salt by evaporating natural brine by pouring it into a pit of burning charcoal, 1556. A rather impure product resulted. From De re metallica by Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Henry Bessemer, British engineer and inventor, 19th century. Bessemer (1813-1898) was a prolific inventor, but is best known for the invention of a method of converting pig iron into steel

Crystallization of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Production of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Distillation of Nitric Acid, 1683. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Titus Salt, British woolstapler and industrialist, c1880. Salt (1803-1876) discovered a method of blending alpaca wool with cotton and silk

Blast furnaces for production of iron at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, c1830. Artist: HW Bond
Blast furnaces for production of iron at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, c1830. This scene is on the river Severn a few miles from Ironbridge

Making beaver hats, 1750. Although called beaver, little or no beaver fur was used. According to quality, nap on felt fabric was made of mixtures of beaver, musquash or rabbit fur, and cotton wool

Needle-making equipment, 1819. The large machine at bottom right is George Priors dry grinder with a box partly enclosing the grindstone to minimise dust (1813)

Spitalfields silk worker winding silk in her cottage, London, England, 1893. This enclave of the silk industry was founded by Huguenot refugees from France after Louis XIVs Revocation of the Edict of

A Spitalfields silk weaver at his hand loom, 1884. This man could earn 70p in a good week, below the average for a skilled worker

Making flower pots, 1808. Artist: William Henry Pyne
Making flower pots, 1808. The potters wheel is turned by an assistant using crank, while a small child keeps the potter supplied with lumps of clay of the correct weight

Rock Salt: Miners at work in salt mine, Wieliczka, Galicia, Poland, 20th century. Cigarette card c1920

The Cathedral, Marston Salt Mine, Northwich, Cheshire, England, 19th century
The Cathedral, Marston Salt Mine, Northwich, Cheshire, England, showing the pillars of salt that have been left to support the ceiling of the cavern which has been left after the excavation of rock

Producing salt by evaporating sea water in salt pans, 1556
Producing salt by evaporating sea water in salt pans. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel 1556)

Manufacturing pencils, 1872. The lead (graphite) is set into a grooved strip of cedar, then a second strip of wood is placed on top and glued. The whole pencil was then placed in a machine and rounded

Cutting coin blanks from metal strips, Royal Mint, London, 1897. After being cut, the blanks were then put in a coin stamping press

Part of the production line at Fords Highland Park factory, Detroit, Michigan, USA, c1914. The factory, 4.5 miles from the centre of Detroit was the first to make use of assembly-line techniques

Milling the edges of coins, Royal Mint, London, 1891. A milled edge meant that metal could not be stolen from the edges of gold and silver coins by clipping, so reducing their intrinsic value

Coining press at the Royal Mint, London, 1891

Henry Ford, American engineer and automobile manufacturer, c1910-c1930. In 1903, Henry Ford (1863-1947) founded the Ford Motor Company

Melting house at the Paris mint, 1892. Pouring gold into moulds to form standard ingots

Ford Model T, 1910. Artist: Ford Motor Company
Ford Model T, 1910. The Model T was introduced by Henry Ford in 1909 and the Ford Motor Companys Detroit factory was adapted for its mass production

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