Manufacturing Collection (page 20)

Filling shrapnel shells in a British munitions factory, World War I, 1914-1918

Bird s-eye view of Krupps works, Essen, Germany, 1876. In 1826, aged only 14, Alfred Krupp (1812-1887) took over the steel-making factory founded by his father Friedrich

Alfred Krupp, German industrialist and armaments manufacturer, 1886. In 1826, aged only 14, Alfred Krupp (1812-1887) took over the steel-making factory founded by his father Friedrich

Making bicycle handlebars, France, 1896. A man works on handlebars clamped in a vice. Behind him is a forge with multiple work stations

Soldering bicycle parts in an American factory, c1900

Welding bicycle frames in an American factory, 1900

Sandblasting the joints of a bicycle frame, France, 1896. The operator wears a helmet with a breathing tube and a protective tunic

Welding a bicycle frame, France, 1896. The frame is suspended over a forge as a worker applies a welding rod

Bicycle manufacture, France, 1896. Shaping the wheel rims. The machinery is all driven from a central power source through belt-and-shafting

Women making pneumatic tyres for bicycles, France, 1896. Scottish vet and inventor John Boyd Dunlops invention of the pneumatic tyre in 1888 greatly improved the comfort of cycling

India Rubber, Gutta Percha & Telegraph Works Company factory, Silvertown, London, 1887. The factory, which manufactured much of the telegraph equipment used in Britain

Steam hammer being used in an ironworks, France, 1867

Factory for making, recharging and servicing electric cabs, Aubervilliers, France, 1899
Factory for making, recharging and servicing electric cabs used in Paris, Aubervilliers, France, 1899. From La Nature. (Paris, 1899)

Manufacture of electric batteries, USA, 1887. Interior view of MWJ Jenkss Electrical Accumulator Company, New York

Joseph Crosfield & Sons soap factory at Bank Quarry, Warrington, Cheshire, 1886. 1: general view of works; 2: display at Liverpool Exhibition; 3: frame room; 4: stamping; 5: packaging room; 6

Manufacturing electric light bulbs, c1883 (1896). A mercury vacuum pump being used to evacuate (exhaust) light bulbs on a commercial scale

Joseph Marie Jacquard, showing his loom to Lazare Carnot, Lyon, France, 1801 (1901). French silk-weaver and inventor Jacquard (1752-1834)

Making pots without a wheel, Nigeria, c1966

Slave labour on a sugar plantation in the West Indies, 1725. Cane is cut and taken to vertical crushing mill powered by oxen

Blast furnaces, South Wales, 1885. The pollution being generated during the production of iron and steel at Siemens Iron and Steel Works, Landore

Interior, Thomas Firth & Sons Norfolk Works, Sheffield, c1890. Twelve men, each with a work station facing a window, hand-cutting files from blanks of crucible steel

Needle making workshop, 1751-1780. Cutting needle lengths from steel wire (1), flattening the end (4), stamping the eye (2), punching the eye (3), filing the eye and pointing the end (7)

Josiah Wedgwood, 18th century English industrialist and potter, c1880. Wedgwood (1730-1795) is credited with the industrialisation of pottery manufacture at his factories

Tapping a blast furnace and casting iron into pigs, c1900. From The Marvels of Metals by FM Holmes. (London, c1900)

Nant-y-Glow Iron Works, Monmouthshire, Wales, c1780, (c1830). This shows the works by moonlight. The buildings on the left are probably puddling furnaces, those on the right blast furnaces

Production of woollen cloth, 1750. Textile workers raising pile and pressing the wool in a screw press

Cropping wool to give an even pile after nap had been raised, 1814. From The Costume of Yorkshire by George Walker. (Leeds, 1814)

The Worsted Winder, 1805. Artist: William Henry Pyne
The Worsted Winder, 1805. A woman winding worsted thread onto bobbins ready for lace making. From The Costume of Great Britain by William Henry Pyne. (London, 1805)

Glass manufacturing, 1760. Making crown glass by blowing (left) and plate glass by casting (right). Glass workers were susceptible to cataracts caused by the glare of the furnace

Grinding and polishing plate glass, 1760. From The Universal Magazine London 1760

Stocking frame workshop, 1750. Women winding and reeling the yarn, and a man working the knitting frame. From The Universal Magazine, London, 1750

Soap manufacturing, c1905. The Vinolia Soap Companys London laboratory where raw materials and essential oils were tested

Blast furnaces, Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company, Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, 1890. A charge being taken to the top of a furnace on a railway

Blast furnaces at the Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA, 1873

Rolling mills, Saint-Jacques works, Chatillon-Commentry Company, France, 1894. Men are wearing leggings and heavy leather aprons to protect them from contact with hot metal

Weaving shed fitted with Jacquard power looms, c1880. French silk-weaver and inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a loom which used a punched card system to weave complicated patterns in textiles

Women securing bristles in brushes using Woodburys machine, late 19th century. The machines, invented in America around 1870, are set up by the windows for maximum natural light

Women workers in a carpet factory, c1895. Electric lights with incandescent bulbs hang over each loom to supplement natural lighting and enable the working day to be extended

Brush Maker, 1823. A craftsman at a bench prepares brushes to receive backing. Around the workshop are brooms, brushes and mops of various sizes. From The Book of English Trades. (London, 1823)

Button Maker, 1823. Stamping out metal buttons. A blank is held in place and a weight holding the die for the pattern being worked is raised by a rope and pulley wheel and dropped onto the blank

The Cutler, 1823. Knife blades are shaped at a forge in the background and sharpened on a grindstone turned by a wheel operated by the boy on the right

Shoe Maker, 1823. A master craftsman in tailored coat and yellow waistcoat (vest) cuts leather from skin. In the background a boy apprentice in apron and drab jacket sits making up a shoe

Tapping a blast furnace and running molten iron into the pigs, c1885

Charging a blast furnace at the Govan Iron Works, Scotland, c1885. The charge was fed into a cup around the cone, the cone was lifted and the charge fell into the top of the furnace

The Railway Carriage Companys works, Oldbury, West Midlands, 1869. The forge, showing the mass production of components at about 40 identical forges

Pen grinding room, Hanks, Wells & Cos factory, Birmingham, West Midlands, 1851. More than 50 women sit at individual grindstones finishing metal pen nibs

Glass manufacturing, c1870. The production and processing of various sorts of glass from plate, sheet (window) and moulded wares to crystal and optical items

Ceramics industry, c1870. Various aspects of the ceramics industry from the making of bricks, tiles and drainage pipes to the decoration of porcelain

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