Fortification Collection (page 89)

Celtic bronze armlet from Scotland
A bronze armlet, one of a pair found in Dummond Castle in Scotland, and currently in the British Museums collection

Staigue Fort, Co. Kerry, Eire, Celtic Iron Age, Pre-Chrisatian & later
Staigue Fort, Co.Kerry, Eire, Celtic Iron Age, Pre-Chrisatian & later

Dragon sacred to the god Marduk, detail of the Ishtar Gate, c604-c562 BC. In the collection at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin

Detail of the Ishtar Gate, Babylon, c604-c562 BC
Detail of the Ishtar Gate leading to the Ishtar Gate, Babylon, c604-c562 BC. In the collection at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin

Boers attacking a British blockhouse (microfort) during the 2nd Boer War 1899-1902
Boers attacking a British blockhouse (microfort) during the 2nd Boer War of 1899-1902

Empress Matilda escaping from the besieged Oxford Castle, 1142 (c19th century). Matilda was the wife of Henry V of Germany, daughter of Henry I of England and mother of Henry II

Edward the Martyr, 10th century English king, c1860. Edward (Eadward), king from 975, being offered a poisoned drink by his stepmother Aelfthryth at her home at Corfe Castle, Dorset

Federal (northern) prison in Fort Lafayette, New York Harbour, American Civil War, 1865. View inside one of the casemates

March, 1412-1416. Artist: Paul Limbourg
March, 1412-1416. A farmer uses an ox-drawn wheeled plough on his field in the foreground, while in the distance, people are tending vines, keeping sheep and preparing to sow corn

Louis XII, King of France, riding out with his army to chastise the city of Genoa, 24 April 1507. The covering of the kings armour and his horses caparison are decorated with hives and bees

Siege of Poitiers, French Religious Wars, 24 July-7 September 1569 (1570). Artist: Jacques Tortorel
Siege of Poitiers, French Religious Wars, 24 July-7 September 1569 (1570). The Huguenots under Gaspard de Coligny (1519-1572)

Siege of Chartres, French Religious Wars, 1568 (1570). Artist: Jacques Tortorel
Siege of Chartres, French Religious Wars, 1568 (1570). Sappers working to undermine a bastion forming part of the citys defences

Execution of conspirators at Amboise, French Religious Wars, March 1560 (1570). Artist: Jacques Tortorel
Execution of conspirators at Amboise, French Religious Wars, March 1560 (1570). Execution by hanging or decapitation by the sword of conspirators in the Amboise Enterprise

Archimedes Burning Mirror, device used at the Siege of Syracuse, 215-212 BC (1642). A military engine devised by the Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes

Archimedes Crow, device used at the Siege of Syracuse, 215-212 BC (18th century). A military engine devised by the Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes

Negro labour strengthening the fortifications of Savannah, Georgia, American Civil War, 1863
Negro labour strengthening the fortifications of Savannah, Georgia, American Civil War. From The Illustrated London News, 18 April 1863. Wood engraving

Siege of Arras, under Louis XIII, Thirty Years War, 1640 (late 19th / early 20th century). Artist: Francois Flameng
Siege of Arras, under Louis XIII, Thirty Years War, 1640 (late 19th/early 20th century). Arras was taken by the French from the defending Spanish on 10 August

Entrance to the Maginot barracks, Maginot Line, France, c1935-1940. Conceived by Andre Maginot (1877-1932) as an impegnable wall on Frances eastern frontier

Staten Island and the Narrows, New York, USA, c1834-c1876. Artist: Frances Flora Bond Palmer
Staten Island and the Narrows, New York, USA, c1834-1876. New York viewed from Fort Hamilton, with Fort Lafayette in the centre, framed by trees. Published by Currier and Ives, New York, USA

Scene from the Romance of Lancelot of the Lake. Artist: Gautier
Scene from the Romance of Lancelot of the Lake. The Count des Broches in combat with King Nabor and Sir Gawain. In the centre mounted knights in armour are fighting with lances and swords

Scenes from the First Crusade, 1096-1099 (c1490). Artist: Sebastian Marmoret
Scenes from the First Crusade, 1096-1099 (c1490). In the foreground of the main image, mounted knights unhorsed and killed in a melee of hand-to-hand fighting with (left)

Flavius Josephus brought before Titus, at the Siege of Jerusalem, 70. Flavius Josephus (c37-c100), Jewish historian and soldier, is brought before Titus (39-81)

Council of Acre and the Siege of Damascus, 1147-1148 (late 12th century). Events from the Second Crusade showing the Council of Acre (top)

Macao Fort, Canton River, China. Macao was one of the Treaty Ports that were among concessions China made to European nations after the end of the First Opium War (1839-1842)

Hand-to-hand fighting with swords in defence of a castle, 14th century. Detail from a Manuscript in the British Museum

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Victoria (1819-1901) and Albert (1819-1861) riding in Windsor Park when young. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha married his first cousin, Queen Victoria, in 1840

Scene from Shakespeares Hamlet, 19th century. Hamlet seeing his fathers ghost on the battlements of Elsinore Castle (Act 1 Scene 5)

Harlech Castle, 19th century. Artist: John Wright Oakes
Harlech Castle, 19th century. The construction of Harlech Castle, on a cliff overlooking Cardigan Bay in Wales, was begun by the English king Edward I in 1283

Dunstanburgh Castle, c1850. The largest castle in Northumberland, Dunstanburgh was begun in 1313 by the Thomas, Earl of Lancaster

Saint Louis and his brothers taken prisoner during the Seventh Crusade, 1250 (1522). Louis IX of France and his brothers Alphonse

Heinrich Schliemanns excavations at Myceneae, 1877. An artist sketching in front of the Lion gateway at Myceneae 1877. The city of Mycenae in the Peloponnese was reputed to be the capital of

Site of Mycenean fortifications, Greece, c1600-1100 BC. The Mycenaeans were a Bronze Age civilization in the Aegean who reached the peak of their achievements in around 1400 BC

Ruins of Great Zimbabwe, Africa, 1892. Ruins including a massive round tower. The discovery in 1867 of ruins of a hilltop fortress

Basin of the Caledonian Ship Canal at Muirtown near Inverness, Scotland, 1822. Built by Thomas Telford between Inverness and Fort William, the Caledonian Canal opened on 24 October 1822

Charles The Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 15th century. Charles (1433-1477), Duke of Burgundy from 1467, accepting a book from Georges Chastellain (c1405 or c1415-1475), the Burgundian chronicler and poet

Designs of fortifications, 1764. The object of each is to make every portion of the place fortified capable of being defended from some other part

Attacking walls with battering rams, c1800. The one mounted on chains could be given more impetus than one carried on mens shoulders

Star Fort defended by a moat coming under siege, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Roman soldiers attacking a fortress, 1605. The Romans form a tortoise with their shields to protect themselves from missiles as they approach the walls. From Poliorceticon by Justus Lipsius

Fortifications, c1880. An ancient fortress with curtain walls (top) and a bastioned fortress (bottom)

Siege warfare, c1800. The normal method of applying a petard (explosive device) to the gate of a fortress. The fuse has just been lit

Various forms of siege equipment, including battering rams, 1547. From Architectur...Mathematischen...Kunst by Gaultherius Rivius, 1547

Roman siege warfare, 1605. Defenders attempting to disable battering rams. On the right, attackers are handling a ram under a protective cat. From Poliorceticon by Justus Lipsius (Antwerp, 1605)

Wheeled siege towers and bridges, 13th century (18th century). Siege equipment of the type used by Frederick II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, for his successful siege of Jerusalem (1229)

Julius Caesars siege of Marseilles, 49 BC (18th century). Reconstruction showing the musculus or covered way to protect engineers approaching the walls of the besieged city

Design for an encampment outside a besieged fortress, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

English troops attacking a French town, Hundred Years War, 1337-1453 (c1830). The English besiegers are armed with early cannon and both longbows and crossbows

Death of Brigadier Adrian Hope, Indian Mutiny, 15 April 1858. The death of Brigadier Hope during the British attack on Fort Roodamow

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