Fortification Collection (page 90)

Empress Matilda, daughter and dispossessed heiress of Henry I of England, c1860. Matilda (1102-1167) allowed by the King, Stephen, to leave Arundel Castle for Gloucester in 1139

Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria, c9th century BC
Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria. Ashurnasirpal, king from 883-859 BC, leading an assault on a city with battering rams and siege engines. Bas-relief from the British Museum

George III, King of England, c1800. Artist: Sir William Beechey
George III, King of England, c1800. Full-length portrait of George III (1738-1820), king from 1760, in military uniform

Citadel of Teotihuacan, Pre-Columbian Mexico. The capital of one of the earliest Central American civilizations, Teotihuacans power reached its peak in the 1st millenium AD

Battle between Bacchides and Jonathan, Maccabean Revolt, 160 BC, (c19th century)
Battle between Bacchides and Jonathan, Maccabean Revolt, 160 BC (c19th century). French representation of the battle between Bacchides, general of Demetrius I Soter (c187-150 BC)

Harold II, last Anglo-Saxon king of England, 1066 (1070s). Harold (c1022-1066) and companions feasting. Harolds succession to the throne was disputed by William of Normandy

Edward The Confessor, Anglo-Saxon king of England, 1070s. Edward (c1003-1066), king from 1042, on his throne. After Edwards death

Macbeth and the Witches, 1835. Artist: Joseph Anton Kock
Macbeth and the Witches, 1835. The witches flying through the sky riding goats and broomsticks are holding up the crown which Macbeth covets. Scene from Shakespeares play, first performed c1606

Henry VII at the Tower of London, 1485-1509. Henry (1457-1509), the first Tudor monarch, is variously shown greeting a guest, looking out of a window, and signing a document in the White Tower

Cairo, 1878. View showing the citadel and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, built between 1830 and 1848. Found in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London

The Shadow Dance, 1843. Daniel O Connell (1775-1847) The Liberator, Irish politician and leader of the Repeal (of union with Britain) movement, shown as a man of little substance

Heidelberg Castle and town viewed across the Neckar river, Germany, in 1620. Heidelberg was the home of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and King of Bohemia (1619-1620) and Elizabeth

Victory of King Ludwig I of Hungary over the Bulgarians in 1377, 1430 Artist: Lambrechter Votivtafel
Victory of King Ludwig I of Hungary over the Bulgarians in 1377, with the Virgin of the Protecting Cloak, 1430. Meister der St. Lambrechter Votivtafel, Joanneum in Graz

Siege of the Fortress of Faith. The Fortress of Faith besieged by unbelievers and heretics, defended by the Pope, bishops, monks, clerics and theologians

Nubia, Egypt, 1887. Artist: Henri Bechard
Nubia, Egypt, 1887. Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt. Located in the collection, La Bibliotheque nationale de France

Comet of 1456 (Halley), 1557. The English astronomer, Edmond Halley (1656-1742) was the first to suggest that appearances of bright comets every 76 years were in fact sightings of the same comet

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert with their six eldest children, c1850. Louisa the youngest shown here, born 1848. Their eldest son, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) is in the boat

Napoleon arriving on St Helena, 1815. Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) (1769-1821), Emperor of France 1804-1815. After his defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and his subsequent surrender to the British

Knights Templar before Jerusalem, c1099, (14th century). Two knights approach the open gate to the city. On the battlements are three Saracen warriors

Porte d Auteuil, Siege of Paris, 1870-1871. Artist: Paul Roux
Porte d Auteuil, Siege of Paris, 1870-1871. After the disastrous defeat of the French at Sedan and the capture of Napoleon III, the Prussians surrounded Paris on 9 September 1870

Music Party, East Cowes Castle, Isle of Wight, 1835. Artist: JMW Turner
Music Party, East Cowes Castle, Isle of Wight, 1835. This unfinished study shows a group of figures playing or languidly listening to music in an unidentified setting. From the Tate Gallery, London

How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, c1860. From the Bible (Isaiah 5:7)

Albert, Prince Consort, showing his hives to Queen Victoria. Albert (1819-1861) introduced improved bee hives to the royal apiaries

St Agnes and St Catherine of Alexandria. Agnes (right), patron saint of virgins, martyred c304, is shown with her emblem, a lamb

The Conwy Tubular Bridge on the Chester & Holyhead Railway, North Wales, 1852. Artist: Alfred Ashley
The Conwy Tubular Bridge on the Chester & Holyhead Railway, North Wales, 1852. This bridge was designed by Robert Stephenson to carry the Chester and Holyhead Railway across the River at Conwy

Prussian troops hoisting their flag at Valerien, Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 (c1880). This possibly relates to the fort of Mont-Valerien on the western outskirts of Paris

Bavarian troops of the Prussian army storming Bicetre, Franco-Prussian War 1870
Bavarian troops of the Prussian army storming the fort of Bicetre, near Paris during the Franco-Prussian War, 1870. Other German states sided with Prussia in the war

Capture of Ghunzee by British forces, Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80), March 1880. Tinted lithograph

Scheme of a Norman castle based on Castle Hedingham, Essex, England, showing the enclosed fortified courtyard leading, via drawbridge and gateway, to fortified castle on raised mound

Stoa of Attalos, Athens built by Attalos II (153-138 BC), reconstructed 1953-1958, c20th century

Acropolis from Agora, Athens, c20th century. Artist: CM Dixon
Acropolis from Agora, Athens, c20th century. An ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens

Agora, Stoa of Attalos and Acropolis, Athens, Evening, c20th century. An ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens

Model of ancient Temple of Athena, 6th century BC. From an unknown building on the Acropolis, at Acropolis Museum, Athens

Hamlet seeing his fathers ghost on the battlements of Elsinore Castle. Artist: Robert Dudley
Hamlet seeing his fathers ghost on the battlements of Elsinore Castle. From the Shakespeare play, Hamlet, Act l, Sc. IV. Chromolithograph illustration by Robert Dudley (fl.1858-93)

Colchester Castle, 11th century
Colchester Castle, a Norman castle built on the foundations of the Roman temple of Claudius, 11th century

The Colchester Sphinx, 1st century
The Colchester Sphinx, a Roman funerary monument found outside the Roman town walls of Colchester in 1821. Now in Colchester Castle Museum, 1st century

Roman altar from Vindolanda, 2nd century
Roman altar from Vindolanda. The dedication reads To Jupiter first and greatest and all the other gods and to the geniuses of the commanding officers residence

Vindolanda, a Roman military settlement, 3rd century
Shot of Vindolanda, site of a Roman military settlement on Hadrians wall. In the background the reconstructed fort can be seen, 3rd century

Japanese troops storming Russian Fort, Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5
Japanese troops storming the Russian-held 203-metre Fort, 19 September 1904, Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5

Roman Fort at Caister-on-Sea, built around 200 AD
Roman Fort at Caister-on-Sea, Norfolk, England

Pevensey Castle, showing the Roman walls of the Saxon fort

Air filters, Maginot Line, France, 1939. Conceived by Andre Maginot (1877-1932) as an impegnable wall on Frances eastern frontier, the Maginot Line was a vast linked set of fortifications

Electric light plant, Maginot Line, France, 1939. Conceived by Andre Maginot (1877-1932) as an impegnable wall on Frances eastern frontier, the Maginot Line was a vast linked set of fortifications

View of the ancient fortifications of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1562. Artist: Pieter Bruegel the Elder
View of the ancient fortifications of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1562

Heliograph, c1900. The Heliograph, a visual telegraph for sending and receiving messages by means of mirrors and sunlight

Laying siege canon on target, from Le diverse et artificiose machine, 1620
Laying siege canon on target, from Agostino Ramellis Le diverse et artificiose machine, 1620 (first edition 1588). Bottom right is a gunners level

Utriusque cosmi historia, 1517-19. Artist: Robert Fludd
Utriusque cosmi historia, 1517-19. Gunners laying siege to moated and fortified enclosure. Attackers are using earth-filled Gabions to protect their guns and themselves

Bill The Giant-killer, 1884. Artist: Joseph Swain
Bill The Giant-killer, 1884. Lord Salisbury, the Conservative Leader in the House of Lords, peers over the battlements at the Franchise Bill which, dressed as a herald, noisily demands entry

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