Chemistry Collection (page 5)

James Dewar, Scottish chemist and physicist in his laboratory, c1890. In 1872 Dewar (1842-1923) invented the vacuum flask, one of which hs is shown holding

Nicholas Lemery, French chemist, 1762. Lemery (1645-1715) was a pharmacist and lecturer in Paris. He wrote a textbook on chemistry and a treatise on the element antimony

Antoine Lavoisiers apparatus for weighing gases, 1789. The discoverer of oxygen, French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) is regarded as the founder of the modern science of chemistry

Antoine Lavoisiers apparatus for synthesizing water from hydrogen (left) and oxygen (right), 1881. The discoverer of oxygen

Justus von Liebig, German chemist, 1866. Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural chemistry

Justus von Liebig, German chemist, c1860. Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural chemistry

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist, demonstrating his discovery of oxygen, 1776 (1874). On the table in the right background of the picture is his calorimeter

Guillaume Francois Riuelle, 18th century French chemist, 1874. Riuelle (1703-1770) was the teacher of Antoine Lavoisier, the French chemist who discovered oxygen

Justus von Liebig, 19th century German chemist. Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural chemistry

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 1683. Copper is melted (1) while an apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water

Nicholas Lemery, French chemist, 1870. Lemery (1645-1715) was a pharmacist and lecturer in Paris. He wrote a textbook on chemistry and a treatise on the element antimony

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), philosopher and chemist, c1851
Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), English natural philosopher and chemist. Cavendish Physical Laboratory, Cambridge, is named after him. Lithograph, c1851

Lavoisiers investigation of the existence of oxygen in the air, late 18th century, (1894). French chemist Antoine Lavoisiers (1743-1794) experiment to demonstrate the existence of oxygen

Nicolas Lemery, French pharmacist and chemist, 1874
Nicolas Lemery (1645-1715), 1874. Lemery (1645-1715) gave popular demonstrations in his lecture room. In 1675 he published his Cours de chymie which ran to 13 editions in his lifetime

John Dalton, English chemist, c1834 (1902). As a Quaker, Dalton (1766-1844) could not attend an English university, so supported himself by teaching

Jean Baptiste von Helmont, Belgian physician and chemist, 1870. Helmont (1579-1644) recognised that there are more gases than just air, and claimed to have coined the word gas

John Hall Gladstone, English chemist, 1891. Artist: Spy
John Hall Gladstone, English chemist, 1891. Gladstone (1827-1902) became the first President of the Physical Society in 1874, and served as President of the Chemical Society from 1877-1879

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) (centre), c1885. Used in traditional herbal medicine, foxgloves are the natural source of digitalin, a powerful cardiac stimulant

Poisonous plants, c1885. As well as the poisonous Black or Common Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) (top left), and Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet (Solanum dulcarama) (top right)

Guillaume Francois Rouelle, 18th century French chemist, 1874. Antoine Lavoisiers teacher and Professor (demonstrateur) at the Jardin du Roi, Paris

Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist, 1842. Artist: Thomas Phillips
Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist, 1842. Faraday (1791-1867) was one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century

Pierre Eugene Marcellin Berthelot, French organic chemist and politician, c1885. Artist: Pierre Petit
Pierre Eugene Marcellin Berthelot French organic chemist and politician, c1885. Berthelot (1827-1907) worked on explosives and dyes

Sectional view of lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1870. Also known as Oil of Vitriol or H2S04, sulphuric acid was one of the most important of industrial chemicals

Sectional view of Gay-Lussacs lead chambers and absorption towers, 1870. These were for the large-scale production of sulphuric acid also (Oil of Vitriol or H2SO4)

Lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1874. Sectional view showing the process from beginning to end from the furnace (left) to the denitrating (or Glover) tower (right)

Distillation of Oil of Vitriol (sulphuric acid or H2S04), 1651. An iron retort with cover, detail at C, D, is placed in a furnace and connected to a receiver at A

Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen and Henry Roscoe, scientists, c1860. Left to right: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), German physicist; Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen (1811-1899)

Robert John Kane, Irish chemist, c1860. Kanes (1809-1890) name is remembered in Ireland for the book published in 1844 entitled The Industrial Resources of Ireland

Jean Baptiste Andre Dumas, French organic chemist, 1873. Dumas (1800-1884) did important work on organic analysis and synthesis, and the determination of atomic weights

Henri Etienne St Claire Deville, 19th century French chemist, (c1955). In 1854 Deville (1818-1881) discovered the process for obtaining pure aluminium by reducing aluminium chloride with sodium

Justus von Liebig, German chemist, at work in his laboratory, mid 19th century (c1885). Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural

Producing salt by evaporating natural brine by pouring it into a pit of burning charcoal, 1556. A rather impure product resulted. From De re metallica by Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 18th century French chemist, 1801. Among other achievements, Lavoisier (1743-1794) was one of the discoverers of oxygen, and established the laws of chemical combination

Crystallization of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Checking the quality of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment, 1683. 1) Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature

Production of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Distillation of Nitric Acid, 1683. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Christian Friedrich Schonbein, German chemist, c1898. Schonbein (1799-1869) began his investigation of ozone in 1839. He worked on nitrocellulose and produced gunoctton for use in firearms in 1846

Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist, 19th century. Faraday (1791-1867) was one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century

Joseph Black visiting James Watt in his Glasgow workshop, c1760 (c1879). Artists impression of Joseph Black (1729-1799), Scottish chemist, visiting James Watt (1736-1819)

Humphry Davy, British chemist, 19th century. Born in Penzance, Cornwall, Davy (1778-1829) discovered the anaesthetic effects of laughing gas (nitrous oxide)

John Dalton, British chemist, 19th century. Artist: CH Jeens
John Dalton, British chemist, 19th century. Dalton (1766-1844) was born near Cockermouth, Cumbria. In 1794 he described colour blindness (Daltonism) from which both he and his brother suffered

Heinrich Khunrath, German chemist and alchemist, 1725
Heinrich Khunrath (c1560-1605) German chemist and alchemist, 1725. Khunrath (c1560-1605) was born in Leipzig. From Icones Virorum... by Friedrich Roth-Scholtz. (Nuremberg, 1725)

The amateur chemists laboratory bench, 1860. Artist: M & N Hanhart
The amateur chemists laboratory bench, 1860. The largest item on the bench is a Liebig condenser, a piece of apparatus devised by the German chemist Justus von Liebig (1803-1873)

Electric discharges in rarefied gases, 1892. 2, 3, 5 and 6: Geissler tubes. 1: fluorescence of sulphuret of calcium. 4: nitrogen vacuum (spirals of uranium glass). 7: hydrogen

Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz, German organic chemist, c1885. In 1865, Kekule (1829-1896) published his theory of the structure of the benzene ring as a ring of six carbon atoms attached by

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