Biology Collection (page 10)

European wild cat (Felis silvestris), 1828. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray, one of the volumes in William Jardines Naturalists Library series. (Edinburgh, 1828)

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Eurasian species of deer, 1828. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray, one of the volumes in William Jardines Naturalists Library series. (Edinburgh, 1828)

Hedgehog (Erinaceus europeas), 1828. The common spiny hedgehog, an insectivorous mammal of the Old World. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray

Natterers bat (Myotis nattereri), 1828. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray, one of the volumes in William Jardines Naturalists Library series. (Edinburgh, 1828)

Long-eared bat (Plectorus auritus), 1828. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray, one of the volumes in William Jardines Naturalists Library series. (Edinburgh, 1828)

Pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), 1828. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray, one of the volumes in William Jardines Naturalists Library series. (Edinburgh, 1828)

The common cole (Talpa europea), 1828
The Common Mole (Talpa europea), 1828. A small burrowing mammal with a distribution from Britain to Japan. From British Quadrupeds by William MacGillivray

Luigi Galvani, 18th century Italian physiologist, 1880
Luigi Galvani, 18th century Italian physiologist, [1880]. Galvani (1737-1798) discovered animal electricity (voltaic or galvanic electricity)

Emil von Behring, German immunologist and bacteriologist, 1902. In 1901 von Behring (1854-1917) was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his development of a serum for

Alfred Russell Wallace, Welsh-born British naturalist, c1900. Wallace (1823-1913) independently arrived at a theory of evolution similar to that of Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Howard Walter Florey, Australian pathologist, c1945. For his work on the isolation and purification of the first antibiotic, Penicillin

Rene Descartes diagram of the human brain and eye, 1692. From Opera Philosophica by Rene Descartes. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1692). Originally published in his Tractatus de homine. (Paris, 1664)

Rene Descartes illustration of the co-ordination of the senses, 1692. A visual stimulus travelling from the eye to the pineal gland, H, stops attention being given to an olfactory stimulus

Rene Descartes idea of vision, showing the function of the eye, optic nerve and brain, 1692. From Opera Philosophica by Rene Descartes. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1692)

Descartes representation of the antagonistic eye muscles, 1692. When E is relaxed A is innervated. Rene Decartes (1596-1650)

Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1875. Artist: Edward Linley Sambourne
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1875. Darwin (1809-1882) was employed as naturalist on HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. He first made his name as a geologist

Jean Baptiste Lamarck, (1744-1829), French naturalist. Said to be the first to use the term biology. Lamarcks own theory of evolution was in fact based on the idea that individuals adapt during their

Descartes illustration of how the distance of an object is perceived with binocular vision, 1692
Descartes (1596-1650) illustration of how the distance of an object is perceived with binocular vision, 1692. From Rene Descartes Opera Philosophica (Tractatus de Homine), 1692

Luigi Galvanis experiments with electricity, 1791. An electrostatic machine, a Leyden jar and various experiments conducted by Italian physiologist Galvani (1737-1798)

Descartes explanation of vision, 1692. Light rays being passed through the eye, being focused by the lens (I) and forming images T, S, R on the retina

Descartes idea of vision, 1692
Descartes (1596-1650) idea of vision, [1692]. The passage of nervous impulses from the eye to the pineal gland and so to the muscles. From Rene Descartes Opera Philosophica (Tractatus de homine), 1692

Descartes idea of how eye passes impulse to brain and so directs a voluntary movement, 1692. French philosopher and scientist Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Involuntary movement, Descartes idea of how impulses from the limbs reach the brain, 1692. French philosopher and scientist Rene Descartes (1596-1650) believed all nerves to be hollow

Various types of bacteria, 1889. 5: pneumonia culture; 6: albumen from a rotten egg; 7& 8: tuberculosis as prepared by Koch; 9: sputum from a TB patient; 10: anthrax bacillus; 11

Essence of Parliament, 1883. Artist: Harry Furniss
Essence of Parliament, 1883. Cartoon marking the opening of the first session of Parliament for 1883, showing the politicians as microbes in a drop of water

Ilya Ilich Mechnikov, Russian microbiologist. Mechnikov (1845-1916) continued the work of Louis Pasteur, specialising in the study of the immune system

Charles Herbert Best, Canadian physiologist, 1960. Bell (1899-1978) with an assistant (left) in the laboratory. Bell assisted Frederick Banting to isolate insulin (1921)

William Harvey demonstrating to King Charles I his theory of the circulation of the blood, 1851. Artist: H Lemon
William Harvey demonstrating to King Charles I his theory of the circulation of the blood, 1851. The English physician William Harvey MD, FRCP, was attached to St Bartholomews Hospital

The Lion of the Season, 1861. Artist: John Leech
The Lion of the Season, 1861. Cartoon from Punch, London, 25 May 1861, when controversy over Darwins Origin of Species was raging

Monkeyana: Am I a Man and a Brother?, 1861. Cartoon from Punch, London 18 May 1861, when controversy over Darwins Origin of Species was raging

Foetus in uterus at time of quickening when first fetal movements are felt by the mother, c1795
Foetus in the uterus at the time of quickening (16-18 weeks) when the first fetal movements are felt by the mother, c1795

Diagram of Pavlovs findings on conditioned salivary reflex. D: organ of touch and temperature; N: 1-6 analysers; S: salivary gland; Q: saliva secreting centre in the medulla oblongata; M: muscle; R

Java Man (Pithecanthropus erectus). Reconstruction based on a skull cap, thigh bone and two back teeth discovered in Pliocene fossil beds in Trinil, Central Java, by Dr Eugene Dubois in 1894

Louis Pasteur, 1885. Artist: Albert Edelfelt
Louis Pasteur, 1885. Pasteur (1822-1895), French chemist and biologist at work in his laboratory. Pasteur developed the pasteurisation process which kills pathogens in milk, wine and foods

Anatomical sketch of a human foetus in the womb, c1510. Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Anatomical sketch of a human foetus in the womb, c1510

Jean-Henri Fabre, French entomologist, c1890-1915
Jean-Henri Fabre, French entomologist, c early 20th century. Fabre (1823-1915), author of numerous books on the anatomy and behaviour of insects

Jean-Henri Fabre, French entomologist, c early 20th century. Fabre (1823-1915), author of numerous books on the anatomy and behaviour of insects, in his study at Serignan, Vaucluse, France

Cover of a booklet on entomology, 1933. Cover of a booklet on the work of French entomologist Jean-Henri Fabre (1823-1915)

Skull of Piltdown Man (Eanothropus daswoni), 1912. This supposed fossil was discovered near Lewes, Sussex, in 1912 by Charles Dawson, a local solicitor and amateur archaeologist

Model of the skull of Piltdown Man (Eanothropus dawsoni), 1914. Artist: Dr Smith Woodward
Model of the skull of Piltdown Man (Eanothropus dawsoni), 1914. Model as reconstructed by Dr Smith Woodward. Dark areas are from the original fossil, the light are the restored areas

Rudolph Virchow, German pathologist, 1902. Virchow (1829-1902) specialised in cellular pathology. He was also a Liberal member of the Reichstag and an opponent of Bismarck

Giraffes browsing, c1885. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) French naturalist, considered that the giraffe illustrated Transformism (also known as Lamarckism)

Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1874
Charles Darwin (1809-82) English naturalist. Cartoon, depicting Darwins head superimposed on an apes body, showing another ape its reflection in a mirror

Orang Utang and Gibbon, 1822

Giraffe browsing on a tree, 1836. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) French naturalist, considered that the giraffe illustrated Transformism (also known as Lamarckism)

Jean Lamarck, French naturalist. Lamarck (1744-1829) formulated the doctrine of Transformism (also known as Lamarckism), a theory of evolution which stated that acquired characteristics could be

George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist, 18th century. Artist: Holl
George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist, 18th century. Author of the encyclopedic 44-volume Histoire Naturelle, Buffon (1707-1778) proposed that the Earth existed before 4004 BC

Oswald Theodore Avery, Canadian-born American bacteriologist and molecular biologist. Pictured at work in a laboratory examining a Petri dish of culture

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