Philosopher Collection (page 14)

Soren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher and theologian, c1840 (1956). A print from People, a volume about the origin and early history of many things, common and less common, essential and inessential

Effigy of Jeremy Bentham with his embalmed head, University College, London, 1956. English social reformer and philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

Henri Bergson, French philosopher, 1910. Bergson (1859-1941) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. A photograph from Album de Photographies, Dans L Intimite de Personnages Illustres, 1860-1920

Ernest Renan, French philosopher and writer, 1890. A photograph from Album de Photographies dans L Intimite de Personnages Illustres, 1860-1905, 3rd album, Editions MD, Paris

Emile Littre, French philosopher and lexicographer, 1869. Littre (1801-1881) compiled the Dictionnaire de la langue francaise (Dictionary of the French language)

Monument of Sir Francis Bacon, St Michaels Church, St Albans, Hertfordshire, 1806. Artist: G Cooke
Monument of Sir Francis Bacon, St Michaels Church, St Albans, Hertfordshire, 1806. English philosopher, scientist and statesman Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman. Artist: M van de Gucht
Sir Francis Bacon, Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman. Bacon (1561-1626) became Lord Chancellor in 1618

David Hume, 18th century Scottish philosopher, economist and historian, (1845). Artist: W Holl
David Hume, 18th century Scottish philosopher, economist and historian, (1845). Humes (1711-1776) most important work was A Treatise on Human Nature (1739)

Edmund Burke, Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, (c1880). Artist: Whymper
Edmund Burke, Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, (c1880). Burke (1729-1797) was one of the greatest Parliamentary speakers during the reign of George III

Benedict Spinoza, 17th century Dutch philosopher, c1870. Artist: JH Rennefeld
Benedict Spinoza, 17th century Dutch philosopher, c1870. Of Portuguese Jewish descent, Spinoza (1632-1677) is regarded as having laid the foundations for the Enlightenment of the 18th century

Hugo de Groot (Grotius), 17th century Dutch jurist and philosopher, c1870. Artist: CL van Kesteren
Hugo de Groot (Grotius), 17th century Dutch jurist and philosopher, c1870. A print from Nederlands Geschiedenis en Volksleven in Schetsen, by J Van Lenner and J Ter Gouw. (Leiden, AW Sijthoff, c1870)

Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499), Italian humanist philosopher, 1882. Ficino was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer

The death of Leo Tolstoy, Russian author and philosopher, 1910. Tolstoy (1828-1910) is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists

Confucius and his disciples, 5th century BC, (1847). Artist: Giles
Confucius and his disciples, 5th century BC, (1847). The Chinese philosopher and thinker Confucius or K ung-fu-tzu (551 BC-479 BC)

Renan, French 19th Century philosopher and critic, 1923. Artist: Rischgitz Collection
Renan, French 19th Century philosopher and critic, 1923. Published in The Outline of Literature, by John Drinkwater, London, 1923

Dugald Stewart (1753-1828), Scottish philosopher, 19th century. Artist: WH Ligars
Dugald Stewart (1753-1828), Scottish philosopher, 19th century

Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679-1749), Scottish novelist, dramatist and philosopher, 19th century

Philosophia, 1502 (1906). Artist: Albrecht Durer
Philosophia, 1502 (1906). From Durer Des Meisters Gemalde Kupferstiche und Holzschnitte in 471 Abbildungen [Stuttgart und Leipzig, Deutsch Verlags-Ansalt, 1906]

Edmund Burke, Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, 19th century. Artist: H Robinson
Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, 19th century

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), British social reformer and philosopher. An advocate of utilitarianism, Mill was probably the most influential liberal thinker of the 19th century

Lord Shaftesbury, British Conservative statesman and philanthropist, late 19th century. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801-1885)

Pythagoras (580-500 BC), drawing for the School of Athens, 16th century. Artist: Raphael
Pythagoras (580-500 BC), drawing for the School of Athens, 16th century

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), late 19th century. Spencer was an English philosopher, a prominent classical liberal political theorist and a sociological theorist

John Locke, English philosopher, (c1850). Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Robert Boyle, 17th century Irish natural philosopher, (c1850). Boyle (1627-1691) was the seventh son of the first Earl of Cork

Sir William Petty, 17th century English economist, scientist and philosopher, (c1850). Petty (1623-1687) is regarded as the founder of the philosophy of laissez-faire economic policy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th century French political philosopher, (1836). Artist: Robert Hart
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th century French political philosopher, (1836). The ideas Rousseau (1712-1778) put forward in his most famous philosophical work, The Social Contract

John Locke, English philosopher, (1836). Artist: James Posselwhite
John Locke, English philosopher, (1836). Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Rene Descartes, 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Artist: W Holl
Rene Descartes, 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Descartes (1596-1650) is regarded as one of the great figures in the history of Western thought

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Artist: B Holl
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, German philosopher and mathematician, (1836). Leibniz (1646-1716) published his system of infinitesimal calculus in 1684, three years before Isaac Newton who, however

Adam Smith, 18th century Scottish philosopher and economist, (1836). Artist: W Holl
Adam Smith, 18th century Scottish philosopher and economist, (1836). Smith (1723-1790) was the author of the highly influential Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Thomas Hobbes, 17th century English philosopher, (1836). Artist: James Posselwhite
Thomas Hobbes, 17th century English philosopher, (1836). Hobbes (1588-1679) is best known for his work on political philosophy, Leviathan, published in 1651

Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, (1900). Kant (1724-1804) became professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Konigsberg, Germany in 1770

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman, (20th century). Bacon (1561-1626) became Lord Chancellor in 1618

Dr Maria Montessori (1870-1952), Italian philosopher, 1926. In addition to being a philosopherm Montessori was also a physician, educator, humanitarian and devout Catholic

William Whewell, (1794-1866), 19th century. English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian. Illustration from The life and times of Queen Victoria, by Robert Wilson, (1900)

Henry St John, Viscount of Bolingbroke, English politician and philosopher, 18th century (c1905). Bolingbroke was one of the intellectual leaders of the Country party whose ideas on liberty

Four German socialists, (1903). Karl Heinrich Marx, German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary; Ferdinand Lasalle, German jurist and socialist political activist; Wilhelm Liebknecht

Four social theorists: Carlyle, Owen, Fourier and Proudhon, (1903). Robert Owen, Welsh socialist and social reformer; Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist, satirist

Monument to Francis Bacon, in St Michaels Church near St Albans, Hertfordshire, c1850. English philosopher, statesman and essayist Bacon (1561-1626) became Lord Chancellor in 1618

Geoffrey Chaucer, 14th century English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, and diplomat, (c1850). Portrait of Chaucer, (c1343-1400), author of The Canterbury Tales

Roger Bacon, 13th century English Franciscan friar and philosopher, (c1850). Bacon (c1214-1292) was known as Doctor Mirabilis due to his interest in magic and alchemy

Rene Descartes, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, (c19th century). Artist: Delpech
Rene Descartes, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, c19th century. Regarded as one of the great figures in the history of Western thought

John Tyndall, DCL, LLD, FRS, Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, 1877. Artist: Lock & Whitfield
John Tyndall, DCL, LLD, FRS, Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution, 1877. From Men of Mark: a gallery of contemporary portraits of men distinguished in the Senate, the Church

Letter from Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire to George Keat, 16th January 1760. Artist: Voltaire
Letter from Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire to George Keat, 16th January 1760. Letter, in English, expressing his admiration of Englsih philosophy and literature

Letter from Jean Jaques Rousseau, 15th July 1764. Artist: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Letter from Jean Jaques Rousseau, 15th July 1764. Letter, without address, written from Motiers, giving Rousseaus reasons for not writing furthur in support of the French Protestants

Letter from John Locke to Hans Sloane, 2nd December 1699. Artist: John Locke
Letter from John Locke to Hans Sloane, 2nd December 1699. Letter from writer and philosopher John Locke to Dr (later Sir) Hans Sloane, physician, naturalist and founder of British Museum

Sir Kenelm Digby, English scientist and diplomat (1825). Artist: R Cooper
Sir Kenelm Digby, English scientist and diplomat (1825). Digby (1603-1665) was a courtier, philosopher, diplomat and scientist during the reign of Charles I

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