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Ludwig Leichhardt, 19th century Prussian explorer and naturalist, (1900). Leichhardt (1813-c1848) undertook three major expeditions in Australia in the 1840s
Carolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist, (1812). Artist: J ChapmanCarolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist, (1812). Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) founded the modern system of plant and animal nomenclature
John Ray, English naturalist, (1833). Artist: H MayerJohn Ray, English naturalist, (1833). Ray was a pioneer of plant taxonomy. He toured Europe extensively, studying flora and fauna - his botanical work includes the study of some 18, 600 species
Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist, 1887. Gessner (1516-1565) wrote Historiae Animalium, regarded as the beginning of modern zoology, published in 1555-1558
Charles Darwin, British naturalist, (1899). Artist: C CookCharles Darwin, British naturalist, (1899). Darwin (1809-1882) put forward the modern theory of evolution and proposed the principle of evolution by natural selection
A Street in Cairo, Egypt, c1825-1876. Artist: John Frederick LewisA Street in Cairo, Egypt, c1825-1876
Naturalists dining inside a model of a dinosaur, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, New Years Eve, 1853. Dinner given by sculptor Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807-1889)
The Meeting of the (Royal) Zoological Society, Hanover Square, London, 1885. Artist: Harry FurnissThe Meeting of the Zoological Society, Hanover Square, London, 1885. The naturalist Richard Owen (1804-1892) is in the left foreground, next to Mr Punch, holding an Apteryx bursting from its egg
A Scientific Institution. During ye Lecture of an Eminent Savan, 1849. Artist: Richard DoyleA Scientific Institution. During ye Lecture of an Eminent Savan, 1849. Richard Owen (1804-1892) British naturalist and anatomist
John Lubbock, first Baron Avebury, English banker, archaeologist, naturalist and politician, c1880. Lubbocks (1834-1913) Prehistoric Times, first published in 1865
Carolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish naturalist, 1835. Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) founded the modern system of plant and animal nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist, 1732 (early 19th century). Artist: William Home LizarsCarolus Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist, 1732 (early 19th century). Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778), the founder of the modern system of plant and animal nomenclature, aged 25 in Lapland dress
Carolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) founded the modern system of plant and animal nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus, 18th century Swedish scientist and naturalist, 1874. Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778), the founder of the modern system of plant
Pollen mass of Orchis mascula when first attached (A) and after depression (B), 1899. From The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (second edition) by Charles Darwin
Richard Owen, British naturalist, c1856 (1891). After qualifying and practising as a surgeon, Owen (1804-1892) made major contributions in the fields of anatomy and paleontology
Lazaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874Lazzaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874. Spallanzani (1729-1799) investigating the digestive system of the chicken
The moth Acontia luctuosa and orchid pollen, 1862. This shows seven pairs of pollinia of Orchis pyramidalis on the moths proboscis
Funeral of Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1882. After his death at Down House, his home for forty years, the body of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was brought to Westminster Abbey, London, where
Charles Darwin in the sand walk at Down House, c1870 (1887). English naturalist Darwin (1809-1882) spent much time walking and thinking in his garden at Down House, near Beckenham, Kent
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, in his study, c1870 (1887). Darwin (1809-1882) lived at Down House, Beckenham, Kent for forty years
Down House, near Beckenham, Kent, 1887. Garden view of the home for forty years of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), English naturalist
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1884. Darwin (1809-1882) put forward the modern theory of evolution and proposed the principle of evolution by natural selection
Richard Owen, English anatomist and paleontologist, 1872. After qualifying and practising as a surgeon, Owen (1804-1892) made major contributions in the fields of anatomy and paleontology
Thomas Pennant, 18th century British zoologist, writer and traveller, 1823. One of the foremost zoologists of his time, Pennant (1726-1798) published his British Zoology in 1766
Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist, c1830. Artist: William Home LizarsAlexander von Humboldt, German naturalist, c1830. Humboldts (1769-1859) interests included geophysics, geology and botany and he is sometimes called the founder of ecology
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte du Buffon, French naturalist, 1761. Author of the encyclopedic 44-volume Histoire Naturelle, Buffon (1707-1778) proposed that the Earth existed before 4004 BC
Pierre Belon, French naturalist, 1553 (1762). Belon (1517-1564), aged 36. Financed by the Cardinal of Tournon, Belon undertook extensive travels through Greece, Asia Minor, Arabia
Thomas Pennant, 18th century British naturalist and traveller, c1840. Pennant (1726-1798) is sitting by a tree holding a book representing his British Zoology published in 1766
Alfred Russell Wallace, Welsh naturalist, c1895. Wallace (1823-1913) formulated a theory of evolution independently of Charles Darwin
Conrad Gesner, 16th century Swiss physician and naturalist, 1662. Artist: Conrad MeyerConrad Gesner, 16th century Swiss physician and naturalist, [1662]. Gesner (1516-1565) practiced in Zurich until he died of plague
Alfred Russell Wallace, Welsh-born British naturalist, c1900. Wallace (1823-1913) independently arrived at a theory of evolution similar to that of Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Darwinian Ancestor, 1887. Artist: George du MaurierDarwinian Ancestor, 1887. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) said to the Scottish geologist Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Our ancestor was an animal which breathed water, had a swim-bladder
George du Maurier cartoon from Punch illustrating Darwinism, 1887. Artist: George du MaurierDevelopment of Species Under Civilisation, 1887. The old evolutionary argument of Nature or Nurture: it would be a brave person who came to a conclusion on this evidence. Cartoon from Punch
The Survival of the Fittest; application of Darwinism in the 21st century, 1880. Artist: George du MaurierThe Survival of the Fittest ; application of Darwinism in the 21st century, 1880. The term Survival of the fittest was first used by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) in 1851
Jemmy Button, the Fuegian adopted by Fitzroys expedition, in 1834 (1839). During 1833 when Jemmy was living with the expedition, he was dressed in European clothes and his hair was cut short
Jemmy Button, the Fuegian adopted by the Fitzroy expedition, as he appeared in 1833 (1839). In 1834, after his return to his tribe, all trace of European influence disappeared
A Patagonian, c1831 (1839). From Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majestys Ships Adventure and Beagle Vol.I, by William Parker King (London, 1839)
Patagonians at Gregory Bay, 1831 (1839). From Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majestys Ships Adventure and Beagle Vol II, by Robert Fitzroy. (London, 1839)
Fuegians at Woollya, with the Fitzroy expeditions camp in the background, 1831 (1839). From Robert Fitzroys Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majestys Ships Adventure and Beagle, Vol. II
Charles Darwin (1809-1882), English naturalist, in his greenhouseCharles Darwin, English naturalist, c1875, (1887). Darwin (1809-1882) at work in his greenhouse at Down House, his home near Beckenham, Kent
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1883. Darwin (1809-1882) put forward the modern theory of evolution and proposed the principle of evolution by natural selection. From The Century Magazine
Down House, near Beckenham, Kent, from the garden, 1883. The home of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), the English naturalist who put forward the modern theory of evolution
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1881. Artist: Edward Linley SambourneCharles Darwin, English naturalist, 1881. As well as his better known work on evolution by natural selection, Darwins (1809-1882) studies covered other subjects
Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1875. Artist: Edward Linley SambourneCharles Darwin, English naturalist, 1875. Darwin (1809-1882) was employed as naturalist on HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. He first made his name as a geologist
Jean Baptiste Lamarck, (1744-1829), French naturalist. Said to be the first to use the term biology. Lamarcks own theory of evolution was in fact based on the idea that individuals adapt during their
Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist and physician, 1807. Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) was the founder of the modern system of plant and animal nomenclature
Ulysses Aldrovandi, 16th century Italian naturalist, 18th centuryUlysses Aldrovandi, 16th century Italian naturalist, [18th century]. Aldrovandi (1522-1605) published illustrated books on fishes, birds and insects