Chemical Collection (page 2)

Pierre Curie, French physicist, (c1924). Pierre Curie (1859-1906) was a pioneer in the study of crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity

French Zouave infantry killed by gas, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 22 April 1915, (1929)
French Zouave infantry killed by gas, Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium, 22 April 1915. On 22 April 1915 the Germans released 168 tons of chlorine gas over a four mile front

The Germans use chlorine gas, Ypres, 22nd April 1915, (1919). Artist: Andre Helle
The Germans use chlorine gas, Ypres, 22nd April 1915, (1919). A book of the principal events of the war period. A print from Le livre des heures heroiques et douloureuses

Laboratory and chart, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Sectional view of lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1870. Also known as Oil of Vitriol or H2S04, sulphuric acid was one of the most important of industrial chemicals

Sectional view of Gay-Lussacs lead chambers and absorption towers, 1870. These were for the large-scale production of sulphuric acid also (Oil of Vitriol or H2SO4)

Lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1874. Sectional view showing the process from beginning to end from the furnace (left) to the denitrating (or Glover) tower (right)

Platinum still for concentrating sulphuric acid (Oil of Vitriol or H2S04), 1844. The view shown here was at the Felling Chemical Works, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. From British Manufacturers by George Dodd

Production of sulphuric acid (Oil of Vitriol or H2S04), 1844. View of the passage between two lead chambers, Felling Chemical Works, Newcastle, England. From The Penny Magazine. (London 1844)

Distillation of Oil of Vitriol (sulphuric acid or H2S04), 1651. An iron retort with cover, detail at C, D, is placed in a furnace and connected to a receiver at A

Glass cutter decorating table ware on a carborundum wheel, 1867. He turns the wheel by working a treadle with his foot. From Alphabet des Arts et Metiers. (Paris, 1867)

Crystallization of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Checking the quality of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Saltpetre is the principal ingredient in gunpowder, and is still used in the preservation of some foods

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment, 1683. 1) Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature

Production of saltpetre (nitre, potassium nitrate, or KN03), 1683. Nitre beds, heaps of manure mixed with chalky earth. These were watered with urine and manure water

Distillation of Nitric Acid, 1683. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Christian Friedrich Schonbein, German chemist, c1898. Schonbein (1799-1869) began his investigation of ozone in 1839. He worked on nitrocellulose and produced gunoctton for use in firearms in 1846

Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz, German organic chemist, c1885. In 1865, Kekule (1829-1896) published his theory of the structure of the benzene ring as a ring of six carbon atoms attached by

Preparing and setting a Dynamite charge, Paris, 1890. From La Science Illustree

Cartridge from Nobel Explosives Company Limited, Ardeer, Ayrshire, 1884. Cartridge packed with Dynamite made at the factory. From The Illustrated London News, 16 April 1884

Workers at Nobel Explosives Company Limited, Ardeer, Ayrshire, 1884. Top: Mixing house, with women rubbing Dynamite. Bottom: Woman filling cartridges with Dynamite using a filling machine

A stage in the separation of radium from pitchblende using sodium carbonate, c1900. A scene in the laboratory of the Nobel Prize winning physicists Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris

Cinchona (Jesuits or Peruvian Bark) 1795. A source of quinine, it was used as a febrifuge, particularly in the treatment of malaria. From A Key to Physic, by Ebenezer Sibly, (London, 1795)

Mesmers tub, 1779 (1875). In 1779, soon after the publication of his treatise Memoire sur la decouverte de magnetism animal, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the founder of Mesmerism

General view of an Alum works in the Whitby area, Yorkshire, 1814. Artist: Havell & Son
General view of an Alum works in the Whitby area, Yorkshire, 1814. Steeping crumbled ore in water in pits to dissolve out salts which will be processed to produce alum

Webbs chemical factory, Diglis, Worcestershire, c1860. The tall building to the right behind the chimney contains lead chambers for the production of Sulphuric Acid

Lime kilns, 1872. Burning limestone to produce lime for cement and mortar and for agricultural use

A Sub-Lime Character, early 19th century. A building labourer carrying a hod of mortar

Karl Bosch, German chemist, c1930s. In 1910 Bosch (1874-1940) and Fritz Haber patented the Haber-Bosch process for the industrial production of ammonia

Spectroscopy. A spectrosopist observing (top). At the bottom, from left to right; absorption spectra of indigo, chromic chloride and magenta

Mesmers tub, c1870. In 1779, soon after the publication of his treatise Memoire sur la decouverte de magnetism animal, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815), the founder of Mesmerism

Inflation of Charles and the Robert brothers hydrogen balloon, 1783 (c1807). Jean and Noel Robert helping Jacques Charles (1746-1823)

Inflating a hydrogen balloon, 1845. Hydrogen is produced by covering barrels of iron filings with sulphuric acid. The gas is then fed into the balloon

How Dirty Old Father Thames was Whitewashed, 1858. A British workman in overalls and boots holds a large brush in one hand, and a handkerchief to his nose with the other

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