Roman Collection (page 95)

Dionysius, Greek god of wine. Bust of Dionysius, known as Bacchus in the Roman pantheon

Heliogabalus, Roman Emperor of the 3rd century. Emperor from 218, Heliogabalus (Elagabalus) (204-222) was murdered by praetorians in a palace revolution. Marble bust

Socrates, Greek philosopher. Roman copy of a lost Greek original of c370 BC. Socrates (469-399 BC) is considered to be the intellectual father of modern Western philosophy

Ceres, Roman goddess of agriculture and corn. The mother of Proserpina (Persephone), she was known as Demeter in the Greek pantheon

Roman god Neptune, 18th century. Neptune, known as Poseidon in the Greek pantheon, holding his triple-headed spear (trident), in a chariot pulled by sea horses

Roman soldiers: stone slingers and their equipment, 1605. Three men all carrying short hand slings, while on ground are sling sticks which gave the missiles greater impetus

Roman soldiers delivering Greek fire by means of arrows and slings, 1605. From Poliorceticon by Justus Lipsius. (Antwerp, 1605)

Roman war galley equipped with a corvus (right), 18th century. The corvus was a weapon used for boarding enemy vessels, developed in the First Punic War against the Carthaginians

Gladiators in the Roman arena. Spectators are giving the thumbs down, signalling the victor not to spare his defeated adversary. Print after Jean-Leon Gerome

Epicurus, Ancient Greek philosopher. Epicurus (341-271 BC) was the founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy. Portrait bust, a Roman copy of a lost Greek original of the 3rd or 2nd century BC

Theatrical masks of tragedy and comedy depicted in a Roman mosaic

Statue of Minerva, Ancient Roman goddess of wisdom, and patroness of the arts. Minerva, wearing a helmet and holding a shield, is known as Athene in the Greek pantheon

The death of Archimedes at the capture of Syracuse by the Romans, 212 BC (late 19th century). Born in Syracuse on the island of Sicily

Archimedes Burning Mirror, device used at the Siege of Syracuse, 215-212 BC (1642). A military engine devised by the Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes

Archimedes Crow, device used at the Siege of Syracuse, 215-212 BC (18th century). A military engine devised by the Ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes

Antinous (d122), Bithynian youth, favourite and companion of the Roman emperor Hadrian
Antinous (d130), Bithynian youth, favourite and companion of the Roman emperor Hadrian (76-138). Antinous drowned in the Nile

Unicorn, 1644. From Handelene van de Natuere, a Dutch translation of Natural History by Pliny the Elder (23-79), the Roman writer on natural history who died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that

Pope Gregory I, the Great, 590-604 (c1860). Saint Gregory (c540-604), Pope from 590, seeing Anglo-Saxon children in a slave market in Rome and calling them Angels not Angles

Christ Examined by Pilate, c1808. Pontius Pilate (dc36), Roman governor of Jerusalem, asking Jesus Art thou the King of the Jews?. From the Bible (John 18.33)

Jesus before Pilate, mid 19th century. By Pilate is his Lictor, a Roman magistrates attendant, carrying the Fasces, an axe tied in a bundle of sticks, the magistrates badge of office

Nero, 1st century Roman emperor, 1850. Nero (37-68) became Emperor of Rome in 54. Tyrannical, debauched and extravagant, he committed suicide in order to avoid being executed

Scipio Africanus, Roman general. Publius Cornelius Africanus Scipio (236-183 BC) fought in the Second Punic War against Hannibal and the Carthaginians

St Eusebius, 13th century. Eusebius (c283-371) was a Christian Saint born in Sardinia, who became Bishop of Vercelli. From the Epistle of Eusebius to Carpianus

The Death of Caesar, 44 BC (c1780-1832). Artist: Guillaume Lethiere
The Death of Caesar, 44 BC (c1780-1832). The body of the murdered Julius Caesars (100-44BC) displayed to the crowd outside the Senate in Rome

Forces under Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, in battle, c410 (1654). Artist: Francois Chauveau
Forces under Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, in battle, c410 (1654).Alaric (c370-410) ruled the Visigoths (western Goths) from 395

Forces under Alaric I, King of the Visigoths from 395, sacking Rome, 410 (1654). Artist: Francois Chauveau
Forces under Alaric I, King of the Visigoths from 395, sacking Rome, 410 (1654). Alaric (c370-410) ruled the Visigoths (western Goths) from 395

Gold coins showing heads of Roman Emperors Constantine the Great and Diocletian, 4th century. Constantine (c273-337) became emperor in 306

The Martyrdom of St Maurice, 286 (c1580-1581). Artist: El Greco
The Martyrdom of St Maurice, 286 (c1580-1581). St Maurice was an Egyptian-born Roman Christian soldier, martyred in 286. Commanded by the Emperor Maximian to sacrifice to the gods

St Crispin and St Crispinian, Christian martyrs, 19th century. St Crispin and St Crispinian (dc286), were Roman brothers who went to Soissons, France, to spread the gospel

St Helena, 1922. Artist: Auguste Henri Thomas
St Helena, 1922. St Helena (c255-330), wife of Constantius Chlorus (c250-306) and mother of Constantine I (c275-337), converted to Christianity in 312

St Cecilia or Cecile, legendary Roman martyr, 19th century. In 1584 Saint Cecilia (fl 3rd century) became patron saint of music when selected by the Academy of Music in Rome

Sacrificial procession of a bull preceded by trumpeters, 30-40. Relief from an altar of the Vicomagistri, the Roman organisation responsible for police and fire protection

The Women of Gaul, c1827-1893. Artist: Auguste Barthelemy Glaize
The Women of Gaul, c1827-1893. An episode during the Roman invasion of Gaul. Women and children look on in anguish as the Gaulish men are slaughtered by the Romans on the battlefield

Hail Caesar! We who are about to die salute you, 19th century. Artist: Jean-Leon Gerome
Hail Caesar! We who are about to die salute you, 19th century. Depiction of Roman gladiators in the arena saluting Caesar before they enter their contests

Scenes from the life of St Jerome, from the Bible of Charles the Bald, 9th century. Top: Jerome (c342-420) leaves Rome for Jerusalem to take Hebrew lessons; centre

Cameo of Minerva, Roman goddess of wisdom. Minerva was known as Athena in the Greek pantheon

Marriage of Mars and Venus, 1st century. Fresco from the House of Lucretius Fronton, Pompeii, Italy

Birth of Venus, 1st century. Fresco showing Venus, the Roman goddess of love, in the shell, from the House of Venus Pompeii, Italy

Roman mosaic deoicting a tiger and gladiators, 2nd century

Roman troops carrying away the Menorah from the Temple at Jerusalem, 70. Roman forces commanded by Titus captured and destroyed Jerusalem in 70 during the Jewish revolt against Roman rule which began

Gladiators in the arena, Roman mosaic, Saarbrucken, Germany

Arch of Titus, Forum, Rome, c81. The arch commemorates the capture and sack of Jerusalem by the Roman emperor Titus (39-81) in 70 during the Jewish revolt against Roman rule

Fragment of a Roman relief showing gladiators fighting

Hecate and giants, Roman relief. Hecate was the Greek goddess of the lower world, magic, ghosts and witchcraft. Honey, dogs and black lambs were offered to her at crossroads

Mithras, ancient Persian god of light. Statue of Mithras, who was adopted into the Roman pantheon in the 1st century BC, shown wearing the Phrygian cap

Valentinian II or Gratian, 4th century Roman Emperors. Head of a statue of Valentinian (371-392) or his half-brother Gratian (359-383)

Mummy case and portrait of Artemidorus, from Hawara, Egypt, Roman Period, c100-c120. The mummified body is enclosed in a red-painted stucco casing

Flavius Josephus brought before Titus, at the Siege of Jerusalem, 70. Flavius Josephus (c37-c100), Jewish historian and soldier, is brought before Titus (39-81)

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