Ore Collection (page 2)

Smelting of ores (gold, silver, copper and lead), 1556. A workman beats clay to make lute to line a furnace. On the floor are various tools needed during the smelting process

Lead smelting, 1556. From De re metallica by Agricola (Georg Bauer). (Basel, 1556)

Blast furnace for smelting iron ore, 1556. From De re Metallica by Georgius Agricola. Basel, 1556)

Stamp for breaking copper cupellation cakes for further refining, 1556. Powered by a water wheel through a drive shaft. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola. (Basel, 1556)

Stamping and roasting ore to extract metal, 1556. This technique was used to extract lead, copper, silver and gold. The mill is powered by a water wheel

Blast furnaces, Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company, Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, 1890. A charge being taken to the top of a furnace on a railway

Gold mining, California, USA, c1868. Miners using a hydraulic method invented in California, washing down gold-bearing ore with a jet of water

Rolling mill and forge powered by hot gases from a furnace, 1629. An idea proposed by Giovanni Branca in Le Machine. (Rome, 1629)

Smelting of copper, 1683
Smelting of copper: making liquation cakes by reducing copper in furnaces and alloying with lead, 1683. From an English edition of German metallurgist Lazarus Erckers Beschreibung allerfurnemisten

Crushing gold bearing ores in mills similar in principle to flour mills, 1556. At bottom left goats in a treadmill produce horizontal power which is transferred to a mill (A)

Mining, 1550. In the foreground ore is being broken up with a hammer, while in the background a man is wheeling a truck full of ore out of the mine on a track with wooden rails

Refining copper using the Hungarian process, 1683. Copperplate engraving showing cupellation cakes being roasted, releasing lead. The lead obtained is smelted at top left

Blast furnaces, 1683. Illustration from the 1683 English edition of Beschreibung Allerfurnemisten Mineralischen Ertzt (Treatise on Ores and Asssaying), by Lazarus Ercker, published in 1580

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