Natural Phenomena Collection (page 39)

Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights observed from northern Norway, 10 October 1868, (1906). Aurorae are caused by the interaction of the particles in the solar wind with the Earths magnetic field

Franklins kite experiment, c1752, (1869). Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American scientist, statesman, diplomat, author, printer and publisher

Galileos drawing of lunar craters, 1611, (c1655). Galileo Galilei (1554-1642), Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist made the first effective working telescope in 1609

Edmond Halley, English astronomer and mathematician, c1720 (1794). Edmond Halley (1656-1742), Astronomer Royal from 1720 until 1742

Comet of December 1680 (Kirch), 1681. Isaac Newton calculated that the comet was travelling at 88, 000 mph and that it passed so near the Sun that at one time it was only 1/6 of the Suns diameter

Great comet of 1680 (Kirch) as it appeared as it approached the Sun. Isaac Newton calculated that the comet was travelling at 88

An Allarm to Europe By a Late Prodigious Comet, 1680. Title page of pamphlet by John Hill on the comet of December 1680 (Kirch)

Newtons experiment splitting white light into the colours of the spectrum by a prism, 1757
Newtons experiment showing how white light is refracted by a prism and split into the colours of the spectrum, 1757. The dotted line shows the beam of light entering through the window

Optical phenomena observed and described by Sir Isaac Newton, 1704. The formation of a rainbow by dispersion and total internal reflection (Fig 15)

Explanation of principles of physics, 1725. The formation of a rainbow by dispersion and total internal reflection (top), and observing Newtons Rings (circular concentric interference fringes)

Magnetism, 1600. A terrella or globe-shaped magnet with lumps of iron to represent mountains and showing the north-seeking property of a magnetic needle. From De Magnete by William Gilbert

A magnetized needle pushed through a ball of cork, floating submerged in a goblet of water, 1600. The needle shows the dip and the direction of the magnetic pole. From De Magnete by William Gilbert

Camera obscura, 1561. Projecting a solar eclipse into a darkened room through a small hole, showing how the image is inverted. From Problematum Astronomicorum by Daniele Santbech. (Basel, 1561)

Equilibrium of Liquids, c1850. Hydrostatics and its applications, including a siphon (17), bellows (paradoxical instrument) (8), Bramahs hydraulic press (19), an intermittent spring

Light, c1850. Educational plate showing reflection and refraction, light travelling in straight lines, a burning mirror (13) and Newtons prism experiment (27). (Wurtemberg, Germany c1850)

Electricity, c1850. Various aspects of electricity and electrical apparatus, including attraction and repulsion (1, 2), Leyden jar and condenser (6, 7)

Magnetism, c1850. Educational plate showing various aspects of magnetism and electromagnetism including a dip needle, compass, the lifting power of an electromagnet (12), Wheatstone telegraph (13)

Rene Descartes model of the structure of the Universe, 1668
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) model of the structure of the Universe, [1668]. Showing matter filling the Universe collected in vortices with a star at centre of each, often with orbiting planets

Johann Franz Encke, 19th century German astronomer. Encke (1791-1865) proved that the comet of 1818 had already been observed in 1786, 1795 and 1805. It has since been known as Enckes comet

Hurricane Florence. NASA photograph taken from the Space Shuttle Atlantis from 165 nautical miles above the Earth

Eye of tropical storm Blanca photographed between 17 and 24 June 1985

Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) viewed from space. Aurorae are caused by the interaction of the particles in the solar wind with the Earths magnetic field

Aurora Australis, April 1994. The curtain form of the Aurora Australis viewed from the Space Shuttle Endeavour, part of which can be seen in top right foreground

Solar flare. This was one of the most spectacular solar flares ever recorded, spanning more than 588, 000 km across the solar surface

Infrared photograph of Niagara Falls taken from NASA Earth Survey 2 aircraft

Circulation of water between sea and mountains, 1665. Blue-tinted flows are from mountains to the sea, while black represents flows taking water from whirlpools in the sea back to the mountains via

Eruption of Shirane-san and earthquake at Edo (Tokyo), Japan, 1650. After an engraving published in Amsterdam, 1669

Solar eruption. Solar flares, or prominences, are massive eruptions of ionized hydrogen gas, often larger than the Earth, which arch away from the surface of the Sun

X-ray image of a solar flare. Solar flares, or prominences, are massive eruptions of ionized hydrogen gas, often larger than the Earth, which arch away from the surface of the Sun

Sunspots and solar prominences, 1973. Image from Skylabs solar telescope. Sunspots are relatively cool areas on the Suns surface, the photosphere

Full sky microwave maps, 1990. All-sky microwave images at 3 frequencies constructed from preliminary data from the DMR (Different Microwave Radiometers)

Comet Shoemaker-Levy colliding with Jupiter, 20 July 1994. Between 16 and 22 July 1994, some 20 fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 struck the atmosphere of Jupiter

Ferdinand Fouque, French geologist and petrologist, 1904. Fouque (1828-1904) worked on the Geological Survey of France. He made a particular study of volcanoes and earthquakes

Solar and lunar eclipses, 1785. Diagrams illustrating the causes and results of lunar and solar eclipses. From Astronomy Explained upon Newtons Principles (1785) by James Ferguson

Falls View Suspension Bridge, Niagara, North America, c1869-c1889. It was the first bridge to be built below the Falls, on a site known as Falls View

The Kew heliograph being used in an eclipse-viewing expedition to Spain, 1860
The Kew heliograph being used in an eclipse- viewing expedition to Spain, 1860. Depicting a temporary observation point with the Kew heliograph inside, surrounded by astronomers

Public witness of the solar eclipse, London, c1870. Depicting a street scene with a crowd of people all gazing up at the sky. This plate was taken from Illustrated London News, Vol 57

Solar Eclipse Observatory, Nicobar Islands, c1875. Showing various illustrations including The Equatorial Camera, Brownings Reflector and Spectroscopic Camera and Sig Tacchinis Observatory

Solar eclipse seen over the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1858. The picture, viewed from the Isle of Dogs, shows the Royal Naval College and River Thames in the foreground

Deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope, 1990. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was put into orbit from the Space Shuttle Discovery, mission STS-31 on 24 April 1990

Hubble Space Telescope in orbit, 1980s. Artists impression of the Hubble Telescope in orbit over the earth. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST)

X-ray image of sun, Skylab, 1970s. This image shows a coronal hole. Skylab was launched on 14 May 1973 and was Americas first manned orbiting space station

False colour photograph of the sun and the moon, c1970s. Taken from the Skylab space station. Skylab was launched on 14 May 1973 and was Americas first manned orbiting space station

Large solar prominence in extreme ultraviolet light, 1973. This picture taken by Skylab 4 on 19 Dec 1973, shows one of the most spectacular solar flares ever recorded

False colour image of a solar flare from Skylab, 1973. Skylab, Americas first space station launched on 14 May 1973, carried many scientific experiments

The earth from space, 1968. This picture was probably taken by the Apollo 8 astronauts during the first lunar orbital mission over Christmas 1968

Geological map of the moon, 1967. This map is based largely on photographs taken by the US Lunar Orbiter 4 spacecraft. Launched on 4 May 1967

Front side of the moon, 22 July 1969
solar system, moon, concept, exploration, science, astronomy, colour, astronaut, Lunar Module, Apollo Mission, Apollo 11, planet, space, moon landing, natural phenomena, orbit, Eagle Lunar Module

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