Heat Collection (page 6)

The Blackmans Lament on how to make Sugar, 1813. Artist: Amelia Alderson Opie
The Blackmans Lament on how to make Sugar, 1813. London 1813, Photo D.Bey

A representation of August, 1757. Artist: Bernard de Montfaucon
A representation of August, 1757. A naked man drinking from a large cup, symbolizing the heat. A plate from Supplement au livre de L antiquite expliquee et representee en figures, Paris, 1757

Roman thermopodium, 3rd Century AD. Artist: A Lorenzini
Roman thermopodium, 3rd Century AD. A thermopodium was a form of Roman stove

The front cover of Le Pays de France, 5 August 1915. Molten steel pouring in Creusot, France

St Denis is thrown into the furnace, 1317. St Eleutherius and St Rusticus, in chains, look on as their companion is tortured on the orders of Sisinnius

Boiling and Cooling the Sugar, 1826. Artist: Amelia Alderson Opie
Boiling and Cooling the Sugar, 1826. From The Black Mans Lament; or How to Make Sugar, by Amelia Opie. (London, 1826)

Cutting Sugar Cane, 1826. Artist: Amelia Alderson Opie
Cutting Sugar Cane, 1826. A slave is shown with a hoe or scythe used to cut the sugar cane behind him. From The Black Mans Lament; or How to Make Sugar by Amelia Opie. (London, 1826)

Finnish or Russian bath, 19th century. Men and women in a steam bath or sauna. On the left men are throwing water into a furnace to create steam while on the right a woman is having cold water poured

The Iron Founder, Rotherham, Yorkshire, 1821. Metal worker ladling molten metal drawn off from the furnace on the left into a mould created by a pattern pressed into damp sand

Iron foundry, 1802. At top are two views of a furnace, on the right showing the operation of the bellows which supplied the draught and, on the left, smelted metal being poured into moulds

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, German physicist, 1873. Kirchhoff (1824-1887) is known for his work on electricity, heat and optics

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, German physicist, 1876. Kirchhoff (1824-1887) is known for his work on electricity, heat and optics

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1580
Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1683. This furnace is gravity-fed and self-stoking

Giant burning glass of the Academie des Sciences, Paris, 18th century, (1874). Artist: Amedee Guillemin
Giant burning glass of the Academie des Sciences, Paris, 18th century, (1874). Constructed under the direction of Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) and others, it was used for chemical experiments

Shovelling salt at South Durham Salt Works, 1884. Top: Shovelling salt from pans in which brine pumped up from borehole was evaporated. Bottom: Stoking the furnace heating the evaporating tanks

Sanctorius clinical thermometer, 1612. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636). Italian physician known as Sanctorius invented his air thermoscope or clinical thermometer in 1612

Early thermometers, 1691. Various kinds of 17th century thermometers and a rain gauge (right). From Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell Accademia del Cimento (Florence 1691)

Joules apparatus for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat, 1881
Joules apparatus for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat, 1872. A vessel of water, oil or mercury encloses vanes attached to a spindle. Cord is wound round the cylinder and drum

Rolling mills, Saint-Jacques works, Chatillon-Commentry Company, France, 1894. Men are wearing leggings and heavy leather aprons to protect them from contact with hot metal

Tapping a blast furnace and running molten iron into the pigs, c1885

Charging a blast furnace at the Govan Iron Works, Scotland, c1885. The charge was fed into a cup around the cone, the cone was lifted and the charge fell into the top of the furnace

The Black Country near Bilston, Staffordshire, 1869. Artist: G Greatbach
The Black Country near Bilston, Staffordshire, 1869, showing a scene of heavy industry at night with smoking chimneys, fire from gas outlets and hot coals, with a wheeled engine to right

Wooden model showing bakers at work, Egyptian, 12th Dynasty, c1900 BC
Detail from painted wooden scene of two bakers, Egyptian, 12th Dynasty, c1900 BC. Models such as this were placed inside tombs

Rumfords fireplace, c1880. Devised by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753-1814), Anglo-American scientist and administrator

Festival of Fire, India, mid 19th century. Artist: Emmanuel Adolphe Midy
Festival of Fire, India, mid 19th century. Men and a woman walking on hot embers observed by Europeans. From L Inde Francaise

Bank of furnaces, Lymington Iron Works, Tyneside, England, 1835. By this time the Nielsen hot blast process, invented in 1824, was in general use

James Nasmyths steam hammer erected in his foundry near Manchester in 1832. Artist: James Nasmyth
James Nasmyths steam hammer erected in his foundry near Manchester in 1832. The steam hammer was invented by the Scottish engineer and inventor James Nasmyth (1808-1890)

Charging the retorts at the Beckton gasworks, London, 1878. Beckton Gasworks was owned and operated by The Chartered Gaslight and Coke Company

Men taking a break from charging the retorts, Lambeth Gasworks, 1872
Men taking a break from charging the retorts while colleagues in background take their turn in the inferno, Lambeth Gasworks, 1872

Retort House, Great Central Gas Works, Bow Common, London, 1866
Retort House, Great Central Gas Works, Bow Common, London. It was here that Croll introduced the burning of incandescent coke as fuel immediately as it had been taken from retorts, saving10%

Retort House, Imperial Gasworks, Kings Road, London, 1876
Retort House, Imperial Gasworks, Kings Road, London. Wood engraving, 1876

Undershot water wheel powering a fulling mill, Copperplate Engraving, 1673. Artist: Georg Andreas Bockler
Undershot water wheel powering a fulling mill. Tappets, C, on shaft, B, raise and lower mallets, D, D, which pound the woollen cloth

Refining copper using the Hungarian process, 1683. Copperplate engraving showing cupellation cakes being roasted, releasing lead. The lead obtained is smelted at top left

Blast furnaces, 1683. Illustration from the 1683 English edition of Beschreibung Allerfurnemisten Mineralischen Ertzt (Treatise on Ores and Asssaying), by Lazarus Ercker, published in 1580

Using bellows to increase the draught in a furnace, 1540. Woodcut showing a workman using bellows to increase the draught in a furnace for refining copper

Blast furnaces, 1540. Woodcut showing different forms of blast furnace, with bellows supplying draught powered by an overshot water wheel

Cut-away view of Garinis cremation furnace used in Milan, 1880

Eruption of Vesuvius, 1770s. Artist: Pierre-Jacques Volaire
Eruption of Vesuvius, 1770s. Vesuvius, the volcano most famous for its eruption of 79 AD which destroyed Pompeii, erupted several times in the 1770s

It Will Soon Boil!, 1858. This cartoon shows the Birmingham MP, John Bright. On the 29th October, Bright delivered himself of an impassioned speech on the subject of Parliamentary Reform

First Space Shuttle Mission launches, Florida, USA, April 12, 1981. Creator: NASA
First Space Shuttle Mission launches, Florida, USA, April 12, 1981. Space Shuttle Columbia and STS-1 lift off from NASAs Kennedy Space Center, marking the first flight of the Space Shuttle Program

Effect of twinjet exhausts in simulation take-off, USA, July 7, 1949. Creator: Unknown
Effect of twinjet exhausts in simulation take-off, USA, July 7, 1949. Study of effect of twin-jet exhausts inclined toward the ground in simulation of take-off conditions for certain engine

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