Furnace Collection (page 5)

Furnaces, 1678. Artist: Athanasius Kircher
Furnaces, 1678. A print from Mundus subterraneus, by Athanasius Kircher, Amsterdam, 1678. Kircher?s Mundus Subterraneus marks the first serious effort to describe the physical makeup of the earth

The electric furnace, 1890-1910. French advertising for Liebig Extract of Meat

Smelting iron furnace, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Front cover of Le Pays de France, 12th August 1915

St Denis is thrown into the furnace, 1317. St Eleutherius and St Rusticus, in chains, look on as their companion is tortured on the orders of Sisinnius

Finnish or Russian bath, 19th century. Men and women in a steam bath or sauna. On the left men are throwing water into a furnace to create steam while on the right a woman is having cold water poured

Lead chambers for large-scale production of sulphuric acid, 1874. Sectional view showing the process from beginning to end from the furnace (left) to the denitrating (or Glover) tower (right)

Distillation of Oil of Vitriol (sulphuric acid or H2S04), 1651. An iron retort with cover, detail at C, D, is placed in a furnace and connected to a receiver at A

Laboratory for refining gold and silver, showing typical laboratory equipment, 1683. 1) Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature

Distillation of Nitric Acid, 1683. Also known as Aqua Fortis or Parting Acid, nitric acid was widely used in the refining and assaying of metals

Athanor or Slow Harry, a self-feeding furnace maintaining a constant temperature, 1683. Centre: 1) Athanor or Slow Harry ; 2) side chambers containing reagents; 3) glass receivers

Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1580
Furnace for processes where protracted heat required, such as cementation, 1683. This furnace is gravity-fed and self-stoking

Blast furnaces for production of iron at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, c1830. Artist: HW Bond
Blast furnaces for production of iron at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, c1830. This scene is on the river Severn a few miles from Ironbridge

Alchemical laboratory showing various forms of furnace and vessels, 1652. From Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum by Elias Ashmole. (London, 1652)

Separating lead from silver or gold in a cupellation furnace, 1556. The Foreman consumed quantities of butter to avoid being poisoned (to prevent absorption of lead in the stomach)

Blast furnaces, South Wales, 1885. The pollution being generated during the production of iron and steel at Siemens Iron and Steel Works, Landore

Tapping a blast furnace and casting iron into pigs, c1900. From The Marvels of Metals by FM Holmes. (London, c1900)

Nant-y-Glow Iron Works, Monmouthshire, Wales, c1780, (c1830). This shows the works by moonlight. The buildings on the left are probably puddling furnaces, those on the right blast furnaces

Blast furnace for smelting iron ore, 1556. From De re Metallica by Georgius Agricola. Basel, 1556)

Glass manufacturing, 1760. Making crown glass by blowing (left) and plate glass by casting (right). Glass workers were susceptible to cataracts caused by the glare of the furnace

Blast furnaces, Barrow Hematite Iron and Steel Company, Barrow in Furness, Cumbria, 1890. A charge being taken to the top of a furnace on a railway

Blast furnaces at the Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA, 1873

Tapping a blast furnace and running molten iron into the pigs, c1885

Charging a blast furnace at the Govan Iron Works, Scotland, c1885. The charge was fed into a cup around the cone, the cone was lifted and the charge fell into the top of the furnace

The foundry or cast house, Butterley Ironworks, Derbyshire, 1844. Tapping the furnace and casting iron into pigs. A manager in top hat and tail coat watches the procedure

Casting the bell for the Westminster Clock Tower, 1856. Tapping furnaces at Warner & Sons Barrett Furnaces, Stockton-on-Tees, England. From The Illustrated London News, August 23 1856

The Hermetic Vessel, c1760. A hermetic vessel in the alchemical furnace. The serpent within the vase symbolises the earthy substances of which the Philosophers Stone is made

Roman tombstone of a Smith, pictured with his tools
Roman tombstone of a Smith with hammer, tongs and anvil, from Dringhouses, York. In the collection of the Yorkshire Archaeological Society Museum, York

The Sixth Key of Basil Valentine, legendary 15th century German monk and alchemist, 1651. The marriage of the alchemical king (gold) and queen (silver)

Bank of furnaces, Lymington Iron Works, Tyneside, England, 1835. By this time the Nielsen hot blast process, invented in 1824, was in general use

Forging a magnet, 1600. The piece of metal on the anvil is aligned north/south. From De Magnete by William Gilbert. (London, 1600)

Coiners at work, 1577. Artist: Ralph Holinshead
Coiners at work: Interior of a mint showing coins being stamped out and weighed to see they contain correct amount of metal, 1577

Man Vitiates his Environment, early 20th century. A group of typical early 20th century blast furnaces with smoking chimneys causing atmospheric pollution

Puddling furnace and mechanical hammer, Krupps Works, Essen, Germany, 19th century. Pig iron is being puddled to remove carbon and oxygen, after which the ball of hot metal (bloom) was then hammered

Distillers, 1751-1777. Artist: Denis Diderot
Distillers of brandy, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Chemistry, furnace utensils, 1751-1777. Artist: Denis Diderot
Chemistry, furnace utensils, 1751-1777. A print from the Encyclopedie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Metiers by Diderot & d Alembert, 1751-1777. Private Collection

Bellows supplying draught to a smelting furnace, 1556. The bellows are operated by a camshaft powered by a water wheel (just visible at extreme right)

Forge with bellows driven by an undershot water wheel through cranks, 1673. From Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg Andreas Bockler. (Nuremberg, 1673)

Rolling mill and forge powered by hot gases from a furnace, 1629. An idea proposed by Giovanni Branca in Le Machine. (Rome, 1629)

Smelting iron and hammering bars with a mechanical hammer, 1556. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola. (Basel, 1556)

Refining copper: removing cakes of copper from the crucible and quenching in a tub of water, 1556. From De re metallica by Georgius Agricola. (Basel, 1556)

Smelting of copper, 1683
Smelting of copper: making liquation cakes by reducing copper in furnaces and alloying with lead, 1683. From an English edition of German metallurgist Lazarus Erckers Beschreibung allerfurnemisten

Artists reconstruction of casting weapons in the Iron Age, 1889. In the left background metal is being heated in a furnace, while at the right molten metal is being poured into a mould

Artists reconstruction of a late Iron Age forge, 1890. In the centre a smith is hammering iron, while in the background another is working at the furnace

Distillation, 1882. Cross-section showing a furnace heating a still. Matter distilled is discharged through the beak of the alembic and is condensed in the worm that runs through the refrigerator

Chemist, 1508. A chemist or alchemist is using bellows to heat up the fire under a crucible. Behind him an alembic standing on a furnace is being used for distillation

Depiction of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego in the fiery furnace, on an early Roman Christian sarcophagus from the Vatican Museums collection in Rome

Industrial landscape, Wales, 19th century. Artist: Penry Williams
Industrial landscape, Wales, 19th century. An ironworks at night, the blast furnace in the centre

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