Calculation Collection

Class in outdoor arithmetic, 1904. Creator: Frances Benjamin Johnston
Class in outdoor arithmetic, 1904

Poster by Record Section, Suburban Resettlement Administration, 1935-12. Creator: Arthur Rothstein
Poster by Record Section, Suburban Resettlement Administration, 1935-12

Migrant agricultural worker in Marysville migrant camp, California, 1935. Creator: Dorothea Lange
Migrant agricultural worker in Marysville migrant camp (trying to figure out his year's earnings). California

Mr. George P. Bidder, C.E. - from a daguerreotype by Mayall, 1856. Creator: Unknown
Mr. George P. Bidder, C.E. - from a daguerreotype by Mayall, 1856. Civil engineer. Mr. Bidder is convinced that Mental Calculation can be taught to children

Cloth with Numeration Table, 1941. Creator: Marie Lutrell
Cloth with Numeration Table, 1941

Our Captain, Our Guide over Pathless Waters, 1890. Creator: BW Kilburn
Our Captain, Our Guide over Pathless Waters, 1890. Albumen silver print, stereocard

Lab technician with a slide rule, Edgar Allens steel foundry, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, 1962. Before the invention of cheap electronic calculators, slide rules had to be used to work out formulae

Clerk using a Pascal adding machine, 1835
Clerk using an adding machine of the type developed by Blaise Pascal (1623-1664), 1835. (Colorised black and white print)

Study for the Last Super and Mathematical Figures and Calculations, c1480 (1945). Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Study for the Last Super and Mathematical Figures and Calculations, c1480 (1945). From The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. [Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1945]

Sheet of Pictographs, c1480 (1945). Artist: Leonardo da Vinci
Sheet of Pictographs, c1480 (1945). From The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. [Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1945]

Weighing the Earth, 1938. Churchmans cigarette card, from a series titled Modern Wonders [WA & AC Churchman, Great Britain & Ireland, 1938]

Super calculating machine, 1938. Churchmans cigarette card, from a series titled Modern Wonders [WA & AC Churchman, Great Britain & Ireland, 1938]

Telling time at night using a nocturnal, 1539. The hour is obtained by measuring the angular position of the imaginary line joining the pointers in the constellation of the Plough to the Pole Star

Reiner Gemma Frisius, Dutch astronomer, geographer, cartographer and mathematician, 1539. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) holding an adjustable ring dial for determining the altitude of the Sun for

Using astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. Artist: Petrus Apianus
Using astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. From Cosmographia, Peter Apian, Antwerp, 1539

Surveying, early 17th century. Method of using a quadrant fitted with a plumb line and marked with shadow scales to measure the depth of a well. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Surveying and timekeeping, 1551. On the left are various different kinds of sundial and a clock with a single arm. On the right a survey is being made of the height of the tower, using quadrants

Surveying, 1551. Obtaining the height of a building by the use of a cross-staff. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Using a quadrant with a plumb bob to calculate the height of a tower by triangulation, 1551. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Keplers illustration to explain his discovery of the elliptical orbit of Mars, 1609. Working with data collected by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe

Method of laying an artillery piece on target using Gunners scale, 18th century. Paths of trajectories and various types of ammunition are shown

ENIAC computer, c1944. Artist: J Presper Eckert
ENIAC computer, c1944. The first all-electronic computer designed to be Turing-complete, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Transit of Venus, 1639, (1662). Artist: Johannes Hevelius
Transit of Venus, 1639, (1662). Polish astronmer Johannes Heveliuss engraving of Jeremiah Horrockss observations of the transit of Venus, 24 November 1639

Counters and counting system, 16th century
Counters and counting system, from Munich, 16th century

Egyptian monthly accounts from the archive of a temple, similar to a modern spreadsheet in analysis. From the Louvres collection

Title page of Quadrans Apiani by German mathematician and astronomer Peter Apian, 1532. The illustration shows his recently invented quadrant

Charles Babbages Difference Engine No 1, prototype calculating machine, 1824-1832. Artist: Joseph Clement
Charles Babbages Difference Engine No 1, prototype calculating machine, 1824-1832. English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Pythagoras, Greek mathematician, 1508. Pythagoras (right) using a counting table, competes against Boethius (Boece) using algorithms for speed at calculation

Pascals digital counting machine of 1642, 1751-1780
Blaise Pascals (1623-1664) digital counting machine (1642) showing (top) two of the train of number wheels which were viewed through windows in the casing of the machine

George and Edward Scheutzs calculating machine. Based on Babbages difference engine, it was developed between 1837 and 1843. Purchased for Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Babbages difference machine, 1864. Artist: Charles Babbage
Babbages difference machine. From Charles Babbage Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, London, 1864. Engraving

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