Philosopher Collection (#19)

Aristotle (384-322 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, 1531. First page and initial portrait from Aristotelis Meteorologicis Commetaria by Agostini Nifo (Venice, 1531)

Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, c1470-c1504. Artist: Pedro Berruguete
Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, c1470-c1504. One of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western thought

School of Athens, c1510. Artist: Raphael
School of Athens, c1510. Fresco showing Greek philosphers and scientists with Plato (428-348BC) and his pupil Aristotle (384-322BC) in the centre

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born American theosophist, 1875. Helena Blavatsky (nee Hahn) (1831-1891), photographed at Ithaca, New York in 1875

The murder of Hypatia, neo-Platonic mathematician and philosopher, 415 (mid 19th century). Hypatia (c370-415) was murdered by followers of Cyril, Christian Patriarch of Alexandria

Karl Marx, German social, political and economic theorist. Marxs (1818-1883) theories formed the basis of modern Communism

Jeremy Bentham, English social reformer and philosopher. Bentham (1748-1832) established the doctrine of utilitarianism. He was also a founder of University College, London

Headpiece from Thomas Mores Utopia, 1518. First published in 1516, Utopia was a work depicting an ideal state where reason ruled

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), Indian philosopher and poet, c1930-1941

Karl Marx, German political, social and economic theorist, late 19th century. The father of modern communism, Marx (1818-1883)

Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1798), French Enlightenment philosopher and sociologist, 1874
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794), French Enlightenment philosopher and sociologist

Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), Swedish philosopher, mystic and cosmologist. Swedenborg wrote on various subjects, including algebra, navigation, astronomy and chemistry

Plato (c428-c348 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher. Plato was a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. His most famous work is The Republic, in which he outlines his vision of an ideal state

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037), Arab physician and philosopher, 1493. An interpreter of Aristotle to Islam, Avicenna compiled an encyclopaedia of medical knowledge

Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126-1198), eminent medieval Islamic philosopher, 1493. Averroes (full name Abu Al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd) was a native of Cordoba, Spain

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), French Enlightenment philosopher and educationalist. Artist: Walker
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), French Enlightenment philosopher and educationalist. He is portrayed reaching to the light and speaking to his wife just before his death

Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish philosopher and economist, 1790. Artist: John Kay
Adam Smith (1723-1790), Scottish philosopher and economist, 1790. He is pictured standing wearing a hat and wig and carrying a cane, pointing to a book on a table

A philosopher watching a pair of butterflies, 1814-1819. Artist: Hokusai
A philosopher watching a pair of butterflies, 1814-1819. From Pictures after Nature, an album by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (The Younger) (c5 BC-65 AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, 1493. Seneca committing suicide in his bath, having antagonised Nero

Anaximines (fl c500 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher, 1493. With Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was one of three great thinkers from Miletus

Anaxagoras (c500-428 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher, 1493. Among his pupils in Athens were Pericles and Euripides. His ideas on cosmology

Anaximander (c611-546 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher, 1493. With Thales and Anaximines, Anaximander was one of the three great thinkers from Miletus

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) as a youth, listening to his tutor Aristotle, c1875. In only 13 years, Alexander III of Macedon conquered a vast empire stretching from the Mediterranean to India

Albertus Magnus (c1200-1280) German-born Dominican friar, late 16th century. Known as Doctor Universalis, Albertus Magnus became Bishop of Ratisbon (Regensburg) in 1260

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872-1970), British philosopher and mathematician. Nobel prize for literature 1950

Pythagoras (560-480 BC), Greek philosopher and scientist, demonstrating mathematical relationships. Recognised mathematical relationship between length of vibrating string, column of air

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), French political philosopher. Artist: Pierre Michel Alix
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78), French political philosopher, educationalist and author. Aquatint after portrait by Garneray from Pierre Michel Alix (1752-1817) series of portraits of eminent men

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, German philospher and writer
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1840-1900), German philospher and writer

Statue of Averroes from Cordoba, 12th century
A statue of Abu Al Walid Muhammed Ibn Ruchd Averroes from Cordoba (April 14, 1126 - December 10, 1198), whose commentaries on ancient philosophy and medicine influenced later Christian thinkers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French political author, 1787
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) contemplating the natural beauty of Switzerland. French political author, educationalist and philosopher, 1787. Engraving

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, American theosophist, c1874
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born American theosophist, photographed in New York by a spirit photographer, c1874

Albert Schweitzer, medical missionary
Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) Alsatian medical missionary and theologian, philosopher and musican

Roman mosaic of Plato and his school of philosophers, Pompeii, Italy

Lord Shaftesbury, English statesman, moral philosopher, philanthropist and factory reformer, c1880
Earl of Shaftesbury, English statesman, moral philosopher, philanthropist and factory reformer, c1880. Anthony Ashley Cooper

Rene Descartes, French philosopher and scientist, 1692. Descartes (1596-1650) in his study seated at a writing slope. Regarded as one of the great figures in the history of Western thought

James Beattie (1735-1803), Scottish poet, essayist and schoolmaster. He is shown holding his Essay on Truth (1770) attacking David Hume

Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), French Protestant philosopher

Pierre-Simon Ballanche (1776-1847), French social and religious philosopher. Ballanches ideas influenced the Romantic writers

Arthur James Balfour (1848-1930), Scottish-born British statesman and philosopher. Balfour served as Prime Minister of the Conservative government of 1902-1905

Roger Bacon, English experimental scientist, philosopher and Franciscan friar. Bacon (c1214-1292) was known as Doctor Mirabilis due to his interest in magic and alchemy

Francis Bacon, Viscount St Albans, English philosopher, scientist and statesman, 1618. Bacon (1561-1626) became Lord Chancellor in 1618. He is shown here after his appointment to the position

Confucius visiting court, 19th century
Confucius (c551 BC-479 BC) visiting court, 19th century. After an inscription with illustration relating to the visit to court of Confucius, the Chinese philospher, teacher and political theorist

Bust of a Stoic (possibly Kleanthos), Roman, after a Greek original of c280 BC. The HPODOTOC inscription is modern. Found in the collection of The Hermitage, St Petersburg

Statue of a seated philosopher, 1st century. Roman, after a Greek original of the 4th century BC. Found in the collection of The Hermitage, St Petersburg

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