Philosopher Collection (#18)

Jean le Rond d Alembert, French philosopher and mathematician, late 18th century. Artist: Louis Jacques Cathelin
Jean le Rond d Alembert, French philosopher, mathematician and encyclopedist, late 18th century. D Alembert (1717-1783) collaborated with Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

John Locke, English philosopher, c1713 Artist: George Vertue
John Locke, English philosopher, c1680-1704. Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

John Locke, English philosopher, c1680-1704. Artist: Sir Godfrey Kneller
John Locke, English philosopher, c1680-1704. Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

John Locke, English philosopher, 1689. Artist: Verelst Harman
John Locke, English philosopher, 1689. Locke (1632-1704) is regarded as the father of British empiricism. He was the author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, 1812. Profile portrait surrounded by an Ouroboros, an ancient Egyptian-Greek symbolic serpent with its tail in its mouth devouring itself

Blaise Pascal, 17th century French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and theologian, c1830. Artist: Henry Meyer
Blaise Pascal, 17th century French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and theologian, c1830. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability

Pythagoras, Ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher, 6th century BC. Portrait bust. As a philosopher, Pythagoras (c580-c500 BC) promoted the doctrine of the transmigration of souls

Herbert Spencer, English philosopher and sociologist, 1897. Born in Derby, Spencer (1820-1903) put forward the idea and coined the term survival of the fittest and was an advocate of social Darwinism

Systeme de Descartes, 1761. Artist: Rene Descartes
Systeme de Descartes, 1761. A hand- coloured engraving showing a chart of Descartes planetary system c1600s. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician

Roger Bacon, philosopher and scientist, 1786. Bacon is often regarded as the first modern scientist. He has been associated with scientific inventions like the magnifying glass

Bust of the Greek philosopher Socrates, 5th century BC
Bust of the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BC), from the Capitoline Museums collection in Rome, 5th century BC

Detail of the doorway on the west front of Chartres Cathedral, 12th century
Detail of the doorway on the west front of Chartres Cathedral. Pythagoras on the lower left represents music, and Donatus on the right represents grammar, 12th century

Front west detail of Chartres Cathedral, 12th century
Front west detail of Chartres Cathedral, showing Aristotle, 12th century

Roman marble head of Seneca, 1st century BC
Roman marble head of the philosopher and politician Seneca, 1st century BC

La Madonna della Rondine (The Madonna of the Swallow), after 1490. Artist: Crivelli, Carlo (c. 1435-c. 1495)
La Madonna della Rondine (The Madonna of the Swallow), after 1490. Found in the collection of the National Gallery, London

Saint Jerome in his Study, c. 1510. Artist: Catena, Vincenzo di Biagio (ca. 1470-1531)
Saint Jerome in his Study, c. 1510. Found in the collection of the National Gallery, London

Saints Jerome and John the Baptist, ca 1428-1429. Artist: Masaccio (1401-1428)
Saints Jerome and John the Baptist, ca 1428-1429. Found in the collection of the National Gallery, London

Saint Jerome and the Lion (Predella Panel of the Pistoia Santa Trinita Altarpiece), 1455-1460. Found in the collection of the National Gallery, London

Saint Jerome in his Study (Detail), 1480. Artist: Ghirlandaio, Domenico (1449?1494)
Saint Jerome in his Study (Detail), 1480. Found in the collection of the Chiesa di Ognissanti, Florence

Aspasia surrounded by Greek philosophers. Artist: Corneille, Michel, the Younger (1642-1708)
Aspasia surrounded by Greek philosophers. Found in the collection of the Musee de l Histoire de France

Statue of Maimonides, 12th century
Statue of Maimonides (1135-12 December 1204), from Cordoba in Spain. Maimonidies was a philosopher and writer on medicine and theology

Sculpture of Karl Marx and Engels
Sculpture of Karl Marx (5 May 1818 ? 14 March 1883) and Engels (28 November 1820 ? 5 August 1895) in a park in east Berlin

Pyotr Lavrovich Lavrov, Russian publisher, preparing the journal Vpered (Forward), c1873
Pyotr Lavrovich Lavrov, Russian philosopher, preparing the journal Vpered! (Forward!), c1873. Lavrov (1823-1900) (left) was a member of the Narodniks

Bust of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), from the collection of the Louvre

Wall-painting of the Greek philosopher Socrates, 2nd century BC
A wall-painting of Socrates (469-399 BC) from Ephesus, Turkey at Selfuk, in the Archaeological Museums collection, 2nd century BC

Bust of the Greek philosopher Chrysippus
A marble bust of Chrysippus (279-206 BC), the Greek philosopher of Stoic School, from the Louvres collection

Bust of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, 4th century BC
A marble bust of Aristotle (384-322 BC), a Greek Philsopher, from the Louvres collection, 4th century BC

Bust of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, c3rd century BC
Bust of Epicurus (341-270 BC), the Greek philosopher, from the Louvres collection, c3rd century BC

Bust of the Greek philosopher Plato, 4th century BC
A Roman copy of a Greek original bust of Plato (424/3-348/7 BC) of the mid 4th century BC, from the Louvres collection, 4th century BC

St Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and philosopher. Also known as Doctor Angelicus, St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was a member of the Dominican order who attempted to reconcile Aristotles science

Thomas Paine, English-born American revolutionary, writer and philosopher, c1790. Paine (1737-1809) emigrated to America in 1774

Epicurus (341-271BC), Ancient Greek philosopher. Portrait bust of Epicurus (341-271 BC), founder of the Epicurean school

Socrates, Greek philosopher. Roman copy of a lost Greek original of c370 BC. Socrates (469-399 BC) is considered to be the intellectual father of modern Western philosophy

Trial of Socrates, Ancient Greek philosopher, 399 BC (19th century). Socrates (469-399 BC) is considered to be the intellectual father of modern Western philosophy

Socrates, Ancient Greek philosopher. Marble portrait bust from the Archaeological Museum, Athens. Socrates (469-399 BC) is considered to be the intellectual father of modern Western philosophy

Epicurus, Ancient Greek philosopher. Epicurus (341-271 BC) was the founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy. Portrait bust, a Roman copy of a lost Greek original of the 3rd or 2nd century BC

St Thomas Aquinas, 13th century Italian philosopher and theologian. Thomas Aquinas (c1225-1274) joined the Dominican order and studied under Albertus Magnus at Cologne

Aristotle (384-322 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, 1531. First page and initial portrait from Aristotelis Meteorologicis Commetaria by Agostini Nifo (Venice, 1531)

Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, c1470-c1504. Artist: Pedro Berruguete
Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, c1470-c1504. One of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western thought

School of Athens, c1510. Artist: Raphael
School of Athens, c1510. Fresco showing Greek philosphers and scientists with Plato (428-348BC) and his pupil Aristotle (384-322BC) in the centre

Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born American theosophist, 1875. Helena Blavatsky (nee Hahn) (1831-1891), photographed at Ithaca, New York in 1875

The murder of Hypatia, neo-Platonic mathematician and philosopher, 415 (mid 19th century). Hypatia (c370-415) was murdered by followers of Cyril, Christian Patriarch of Alexandria

Karl Marx, German social, political and economic theorist. Marxs (1818-1883) theories formed the basis of modern Communism

Jeremy Bentham, English social reformer and philosopher. Bentham (1748-1832) established the doctrine of utilitarianism. He was also a founder of University College, London

Headpiece from Thomas Mores Utopia, 1518. First published in 1516, Utopia was a work depicting an ideal state where reason ruled

Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), Indian philosopher and poet, c1930-1941

Karl Marx, German political, social and economic theorist, late 19th century. The father of modern communism, Marx (1818-1883)

Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1798), French Enlightenment philosopher and sociologist, 1874
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794), French Enlightenment philosopher and sociologist

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