Images Dated 4th August 2005 (page 3)

Guillaume Francois Riuelle, 18th century French chemist, 1874. Riuelle (1703-1770) was the teacher of Antoine Lavoisier, the French chemist who discovered oxygen

Christopher Scheiners illustration of his idea of the surface of the sun, 1635. German astronomer and mathematician Scheiner (1573-1650)

Tarpan, 1830. Artist: William Home Lizars
Tarpan, 1830. The Tarpan was a small European wild horse, dun-coloured with a dark mane and tail. Small herds survived in remote parts of central Europe, but became extinct in the early 20th century

Measuring the altitude of the Sun, 1539. From Cosmographia by Peter Apian. (Antwerp, 1539)

Title page of The Description and Use of the Sector by Edmund Gunter, 1636. It shows mariners holding various navigational instruments, including a sector and a cross-staff at the top

Cross-staffs used for surveying, 1551. In this case they are being used to measure the width of a river by triangulation. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

Using a cross-staff to measure the height of a tower, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Measuring the distance of an inaccessible object by triangulation using a hinged staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Reiner Gemma Frisius, Dutch astronomer, geographer, cartographer and mathematician, 1539. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) holding an adjustable ring dial for determining the altitude of the Sun for

Planimeter used in conjunction with a set square for surveying, 1605. From Instrumentorum Mechanicorum by Levinus Hulsius. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605)

A surveyors level, 1547. From Architechtur...Mathematischen...Kunst by Gaultherus Rivius. (Nuremberg, 1547)

Forms of astrolabe in use for surveying, 1650. Vignette from a multiplication table

Using astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. Artist: Petrus Apianus
Using astrolabes to calculate the height of a steeple, 1539. From Cosmographia, Peter Apian, Antwerp, 1539

Surveying, from Levinus Hulsius Instrumentorum Mechanicorum, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605. Artist: Levinus Hulsius
Surveying, from Levinus Hulsius Instrumentorum Mechanicorum, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1605. Top; measuring angles using a quadrant. Bottom; obtaining levels and altitudes using Hulsiuss planimeter

Title page of Samuel Sturmy, Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Artist: Samuel Sturmy
Title page of Samuel Sturmy Mariners Magazine, London, 1669. Sturmy (1633-1669) was a sea captain and sailed to the West Indies and Virginia

Temple of Serapis at Puzzuoli in 1183, Charles Lyell (1853). Artist: Charles Lyell
Temple of Serapis at Puzzuoli in 1183, Charles Lyell (1853). Frontispiece of the ninth edition of Principles of Geology, Charles Lyell, London, 1853, showing how it had slowly subsided

Strata of red sandstone, slightly inclined, Siccar Point, Berwickshire 1852. Artist: Charles Lyell
Strata of red sandstone, slightly inclined, Siccar Point, Berwickshire 1852. It is illustrating nonconformable strata, and so long time scale

Pollen mass of Orchis mascula when first attached (A) and after depression (B), 1899. From The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilized by Insects (second edition) by Charles Darwin

Andreas Vesalius, 16th century Flemish anatomist, c1789-c1798. Vesalius (1514-1564) great work on anatomy De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) (1543) was a landmark

John Tyndall, Irish-born British physicist and populariser of science, c1880. Tyndall (1820-1893) was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution

Apparatus for reducing dislocations, 1544. The subject is placed on a bed with a windlass at either end. Ropes are attached to the area of dislocation and force is applied by turning the windlass

Richard Owen, British naturalist, c1856 (1891). After qualifying and practising as a surgeon, Owen (1804-1892) made major contributions in the fields of anatomy and paleontology

Justus von Liebig, 19th century German chemist. Liebig (1803-1873) was one of the most illustrious chemists of his age; he was the founder of agricultural chemistry

Preparation of copper and silver to be alloyed for production of coins, 1683. Copper is melted (1) while an apprentice (9) soaks birch twigs in water

Lazaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874
Lazzaro Spallanzani, 18th century Italian naturalist and biologist, 1874. Spallanzani (1729-1799) investigating the digestive system of the chicken

Surveyors using quadrants to measure the height of a tower, c1617-c1619. Artist: Robert Fludd
Surveyors using quadrants to measure the height of a tower, 1617-c1619. Quadrants fitted with plumb bobs and marked with shadow scales to measure the height of a tower

The moth Acontia luctuosa and orchid pollen, 1862. This shows seven pairs of pollinia of Orchis pyramidalis on the moths proboscis

Nicholas Lemery, French chemist, 1870. Lemery (1645-1715) was a pharmacist and lecturer in Paris. He wrote a textbook on chemistry and a treatise on the element antimony

Pre-binomial classification of species, 1644. Here two different species of the genus camel are named in Hebrew, Latin and Dutch, although only one species, the Bactrian is depicted

Finding the angular distance between two edges of a wood using a cross-staff, 1617-1619. From Utriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619)

Apollo Pursuing Daphne, c1755-1760. Artist: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Apollo Pursuing Daphne, c1755-1760. In Greek mythology Daphne, daughter of river god Peneus, was dedicated to a life of virginity

Prometheus Bound, c1640. Artist: Jacob Jordaens
Prometheus Bound, 1640. Hermes, messenger of the gods, watches as the eagle swoops down to peck out the liver of the chained Prometheus. Each night the liver regenerated

Virgin and Child, 1504-1505. Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Virgin and Child, by Michelangelo, 1504-1505. Marble tondo from the Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence

Pieta, 1498-1500. Artist: Michelangelo Buonarroti
Pieta, 1498-1500. The Virgin Mary holding the body of Jesus Christ after it has been taken down from the cross (Deposition). From St Peter s, Rome

Constance, 1842. Artist: JMW Turner
Constance, 1842

More Park near Watford, 1823. Artist: JMW Turner
More Park near Watford, 1823. From the Tate Gallery, London

Fishing upon the Blythe Sand, Tide Setting in, 1809. Artist: JMW Turner
Fishing upon the Blythe Sand, Tide Setting in, 1809. From the Tate Gallery, London

Woman in the Garden of Monsieur Forest, 1889-1891. Artist: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Woman in the Garden of Monsieur Forest, 1889-1891. From the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Battle of Hohenlinden, 3 December, 1800
Battle of Hohenlinden, 3rd December, 1800. As Frances General Jean Moreau was advancing towards Munich with 100, 000 troops, Archduke John of Austria was hoping to use his 130

Landing at Frejus, March, 1815. Having escaped form Elba on 26 February, Napoleon lands near Frejus in Southern France by boat

The Supper, mid-late 17th century. Artist: Jan Vermeer
The Supper, mid-late 17th century. The resurrected Christ appearing to his disciples at Emmaus

The Education of Achilles: Chariot Racing, mid-late 17th century. Artist: Jean-Baptiste de Champaigne
The Education of Achilles: Chariot Racing, mid-late 17th century. Led by a centaur, the young Achilles drives a chariot pulled by four white horses in an arena

Joan of Arc in Prison, 1825. Artist: Paul Delaroche
Joan of Arc in Prison, 1825. Joan, in chains, is interrogated by a prelate in scarlet. Behind his chair a secretary stands recording the interrogation in a book

Stonehenge, c1835. Artist: John Constable
Stonehenge, c1835. The Neolithic stone circle on Salisbury Plain is thought to have been used to observe the motions of the moon and sun, and was built about 2, 000 BC

Rest on the Flight into Egypt, 1756. Artist: Jean Bernard Restout
Rest on the Flight into Egypt, 1756. On the Holy Familys flight into Egypt to avoid King Herods Massacre of the Innocents

The Circumcision, early 16th century. Artist: Lodovico Mazzolini
The Circumcision, early 16th century. Mary and Joseph have brought the infant Jesus to the Temple for the ceremony of circumcision

Crossing of Mount St. Bernard, May, 1800, (19th century). The passage of Napoleon and his army across Mount Saint Bernard, the Alps, in the snow and ice

Defense of Huningue, 1815, (19th century). At the beginning of 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba to reclaim his Imperial throne and relaunch attacks. In June the Battle of Waterloo ended his rule

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