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Oxford Science Archive Collection

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: John Hunter, 1786. Artist: WO Geller

John Hunter, 1786. Artist: WO Geller
John Hunter, 1786. Scottish surgeon and anatomist whose series of lectures on the theory and practice of surgery attracted numerous students, including Edward Jenner, Astley Cooper

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Train crossing Stockport viaduct on the London & North Western Railway, c1845

Train crossing Stockport viaduct on the London & North Western Railway, c1845. Note the pollution of the river banks, smoking chimneys and the complete domination of the scene by the viaduct

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Water! Water! Everywhere; and not a Drop to Drink, 1849

Water! Water! Everywhere; and not a Drop to Drink, 1849. Comment on the London water supply during the reappearance of cholera in 1848 and 1849

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Four moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, 1979

Four moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, 1979. Four separate pictures of these moons sometimes known as the Galilean moons taken from Voyager 1

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Viaduct on the Baltimore & Washington Railroad, c1838. Artist: Henry Adlard

Viaduct on the Baltimore & Washington Railroad, c1838. Artist: Henry Adlard
Viaduct on the Baltimore & Washington Railroad, c1838. Illustration after a painting by William Henry Bartlett (1809-1854) who visited the United States in the 1830s

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Engineer, 1867

The Engineer, 1867. The workman is using a file on an engine part held in a vice. Engineers made and maintained the steam engines and machinery used in manufacturing and transport

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Friedrich Engels, German socialist and collaborator and supporter of Karl Marx, 1879

Friedrich Engels, German socialist and collaborator and supporter of Karl Marx, 1879. Engels lived mainly in England from 1842

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Whale, c1850. Artist: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins

The Whale, c1850. Artist: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins
The Whale, c1850. Around the main illustration of harpooning a whale and the whalers being tossed from their boat are vignettes of the uses to which the whale was put after the carcass had been cut

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Bird s-eye view of the Eiffel Tower at the time of the opening of the Paris Exposition of 1889

Bird s-eye view of the Eiffel Tower at the time of the opening of the Paris Exposition of 1889. Designed by the French civil engineer Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: JJ Thomson, British nuclear physicist, 1898

JJ Thomson, British nuclear physicist, 1898. Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940), the discoverer of the electron, with his students at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: New Lanark Mills, Scotland, c1815

New Lanark Mills, Scotland, c1815. Robert Owens (1771-1858) model community of cotton mills and housing. Educational facilities were provided, as well as the worlds first day nursery

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Construction of the Kilsby Tunnel on the London & Birmingham Railway, 8 July 1839

Construction of the Kilsby Tunnel on the London & Birmingham Railway, 8 July 1839. Artist: John Cooke Bourne
Construction of the Kilsby Tunnel on the London & Birmingham Railway, 8 July 1837 (1839). Robert Stephenson (1803-1859) was appointed chief engineer of the London & Birmingham Railway (LBR)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: John Wood Approaching Bombay, c1850. Artist: Joseph Heard

John Wood Approaching Bombay, c1850. Artist: Joseph Heard
John Wood Approaching Bombay, c1850. At this time the East India Company was still governing India. The company was founded in 1600 to challenge the Dutch

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Development of Mesmeric Science, 1883. Artist: George du Maurier

Development of Mesmeric Science, 1883. Artist: George du Maurier
Development of Mesmeric Science, 1883. The fatal Mesmeric Duel in the Bois de Boulogne, between the Chevalier Lenoir, of Paris, and Professor Schwartz, of Berlin

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Collieries, c1805

Collieries, c1805. Pithead scene at a coal mine. At the bottom a horse whim is raising coal from the pit and a man is breaking coal with a pick

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: James Watt, Scottish engineer and inventor, 1833

James Watt, Scottish engineer and inventor, 1833. Watt (1736-1819) was born at Greenock on the Clyde, Scotland, and showed an interest in engineering and invention from an early age

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Needle-making equipment, 1819

Needle-making equipment, 1819. The large machine at bottom right is George Priors dry grinder with a box partly enclosing the grindstone to minimise dust (1813)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Chirk Aqueduct on the Ellesmere Canal, c1829. Artist: Thomas Barber

Chirk Aqueduct on the Ellesmere Canal, c1829. Artist: Thomas Barber
Chirk Aqueduct on the Ellesmere Canal, c1829. Now known as the Llangollen, the canal was built by the Scottish civil engineer Thomas Telford (1757-1834)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), Nobel prize-winning atomic physicist, c1908

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), Nobel prize-winning atomic physicist, c1908
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), New Zealand atomic physicist. Won 1908 Nobel prize for chemistry. Is considered by many to have laid the groundwork for the development of modern nuclear physics

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Nortons laboratory, c1477 (1652)

Thomas Nortons laboratory, c1477 (1652). Engraving after a manuscript in the British Museum, London, which is probably the earliest illustration of a balance in a glass case

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Exterior of the north transept of the Crystal Palace, London, built for the Great Exhibition, 1851

Exterior of the north transept of the Crystal Palace, London, built for the Great Exhibition, 1851. Conceived by Prince Albert

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Geological map of the moon, 1967

Geological map of the moon, 1967. This map is based largely on photographs taken by the US Lunar Orbiter 4 spacecraft. Launched on 4 May 1967

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Advertisement for Sunlight household soap, c1890

Advertisement for Sunlight household soap, c1890. The advertisement recommends the soap it to the housewife by claiming it would make life easier

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1871

Charles Darwin, English naturalist, 1871. Darwin (1809-1882) was employed as naturalist on HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. He first made his name as a geologist

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Interior of a coal mine, 1862

Interior of a coal mine, 1862. Underground scene in a mine, showing a miner winning coal, while a wagon full of coal is being hauled along rails to the bottom of the pit shaft by a pony

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Great Eastern on the stocks at Millwall on the Thames, 1857

Great Eastern on the stocks at Millwall on the Thames, 1857. View from the stern, showing the vessel in John Scott Russells (1808-1882) yard

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Tring cutting, London & Birmingham Railway, 17 June 1837 (1839). Artist: John Cooke Bourne

Tring cutting, London & Birmingham Railway, 17 June 1837 (1839). Artist: John Cooke Bourne
Tring cutting, London & Birmingham Railway, 17 June 1837 (1839). Navvies excavating the cutting. Wheelbarrows are filled with spoil at the bottom

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Industrial polltion, Sheffield, Yorkshire, c1925

Industrial polltion, Sheffield, Yorkshire, c1925. Factory chimneys pouring out polluted smoke

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Tapping blast furnace, and casting iron into pigs, Siemens iron and steel works, Wales, 1885

Tapping blast furnace, and casting iron into pigs, Siemens iron and steel works, Wales, 1885. The pollution generated during the production of iron and steel at the Siemens Landore Works

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Euston Station, London terminus of London and Birmingham Railway, 1840

Euston Station, London terminus of London and Birmingham Railway, 1840. A man greets a female passenger while luggage on the cariage roof is untied. Iron pillars and trusses support the station roof

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, c1850s

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, civil engineer, c1850s
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, English engineer, c1850s. Brunel surrounded by vignettes of some of his most significant projects - the steamships Great Eastern, Great Britain

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Microwave map of whole sky, c1990s

Microwave map of whole sky, c1990s. A map produced from one years data from NASAs COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Richard Owen, English zoologist, 1884. Artist: Edward Linley Sambourne

Richard Owen, English zoologist, 1884. Artist: Edward Linley Sambourne
Richard Owen, English zoologist, 1884. After qualifying and practising as a surgeon, Owen (1804-1892) made major contributions in the fields of anatomy and paleontology

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Illustration from John Miltons Paradise Lost, 1866. Artist: Gustave Dore

Illustration from John Miltons Paradise Lost, 1866. Artist: Gustave Dore
Illustration from John Miltons Paradise Lost, 1866. Illustration for Miltons (1608-1674) epic poem dramatising the fall of Man in the Book of Genesis in the Bible

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Nightmare, c1790. Artist: Henry Fuseli

The Nightmare, c1790. Artist: Henry Fuseli
The Nightmare, c1790. The feeling of suffocating anxiety experienced in a nightmare is represented by the demon, sitting on the dreamers chest with implied sexual menace

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Marco Polo sailing from Venice in 1271, (15th century)

Marco Polo sailing from Venice in 1271, (15th century). Together with his father and uncle, Venetian traveller and merchant Marco Polo (1254-1324) set off from Venice

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Fantascope disc, 1833. Artist: Thomas Mann Baynes

Fantascope disc, 1833. Artist: Thomas Mann Baynes
Fantascope (Phenakistoscope), 1833. An optical toy depending on persistence of vision for its effect. The disc shows multiple images of cat chasing a bird

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Four moons of Jupiter. Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, 1979

Four moons of Jupiter. Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, 1979. Four separate pictures of these moons taken from Voyager 1

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, c1890. Artist: W&D Downey

Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, c1890. Artist: W&D Downey
Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, c1890. Huxley (1825-1895) was a prominent supporter of Darwin in the controversy that raged over his theory of evolution in the 19th century

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, at his desk, c1880

Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, at his desk, c1880. Huxley (1825-1895) was a prominent supporter of Darwin in the controversy that raged over his theory of evolution in the 19th century

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist, 1883

Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist, 1883. Huxley (1825-1895) was a prominent supporter of Darwin in the controversy that raged over his theory of evolution in the 19th century

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas, Henry Huxley, English biologist, 1877. Artist: Lock & Whitfield

Thomas, Henry Huxley, English biologist, 1877. Artist: Lock & Whitfield
Thomas, Henry Huxley, English biologist, 1877. Huxley (1825-1895) was a prominent supporter of Darwin in the controversy that raged over his theory of evolution in the 19th century. From Men of Mark

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Wilhelm Haidinger, Austrian mineralogist, geologist and physicist, c1871

Wilhelm Haidinger, Austrian mineralogist, geologist and physicist, c1871
Wilhelm Haidinger, Austrian mineralogist, geologist and physicist, 1871. In 1840 Haidinger (1795-1871) was appointed Counsellor of Mines, in Vienna

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Dog, c1850. Artist: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins

The Dog, c1850. Artist: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins
The Dog, c1850. The central image shows a typical collie sheepdog. Surrounding vignettes show (clockwise from top left): the shepherds companion

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Mur de la Cote, c1855. Artist: George Baxter

The Mur de la Cote, c1855. Artist: George Baxter
The Mur de la Cote, c1855. From the mid 19th century, the British professional and leisured classes travelled to the Alps for health and recreation

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, 1871

Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, 1871. Huxley (1823-1883) at the time of his presidency of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Galileo facing the Inquisition, Rome, 1633 (1870)

Galileo facing the Inquisition, Rome, 1633 (1870). Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Lead chamber for production of sulphuric acid, 1866

Lead chamber for production of sulphuric acid, 1866. Also known as Oil of Vitriol or H2S04, sulphuric acid was one of the most important industrial chemicals

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Harry John Lawson, English inventor of a safety bicycle, 19th century

Harry John Lawson, English inventor of a safety bicycle, 19th century. In 1879 Lawson produced the first bicycle driven by a chain from centrally positioned pedals to the rear wheel

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Comte de La Perouse, 18th century French navigator, astronomer and explorer, c1834

Comte de La Perouse, 18th century French navigator, astronomer and explorer, c1834
Jean Francois de Galaup, Comte de La Perouse, 18th century French navigator, astronomer and explorer, c1830. La Perouse (1741-1788) spent four years (1785-1788)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Mr O Brien, the Irish Giant, the Tallest Man in the Known World, 1803. Artist: John Kay

Mr O Brien, the Irish Giant, the Tallest Man in the Known World, 1803. Artist: John Kay
Mr O Brien, the Irish Giant, the Tallest Man in the Known World, 1803. Patrick O Brien (c1765-1804), the Irish giant, being measured for a suit by an Edinburgh tailor

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Artists impression of the lunar landscape at sunset, 1884

Artists impression of the lunar landscape at sunset, 1884. The Earth is at top right. Stars are visible in the lunar sky although it is not dark because the Moon has no atmosphere to scatter light

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias Olbers, German astronomer and physician, 1864

Heinrich Wilhelm Mathias Olbers, German astronomer and physician, 1864. Olbers (1758-1840) was a founder member of the astronomers called the Celestial Police who searched for a supposed missing

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Copernican (heliocentric) system of the universe, 17th century. Artist: Johannes Hevelius

Copernican (heliocentric) system of the universe, 17th century. Artist: Johannes Hevelius
Copernican (heliocentric) system of the universe, 17th century. Nicholas Copernicus published his sun-centred theory of the universe in his De Revolutionibus (1543)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Colt Frontier revolver, invented by Samuel Colt (1814-62), c1850

Colt Frontier revolver, invented by Samuel Colt (1814-62), c1850. Fig. 2: the breech disc. Fig. 3: the cartridge in section. From The Mechanics Magazine. Also known as the Colt Peacemaker

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Samuel Colt (1814-1862), inventor of the Colt revolver, 1856

Samuel Colt (1814-1862), inventor of the Colt revolver, 1856. The American inventor and industrialist invented the weapon which, after the Mexican war of 1846-8, was adopted by the US army

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Alchemical symbolism, 1652

Alchemical symbolism, 1652. A toad and serpent representing two basic types of element; fixed and earthy (toad) and the volatile (serpent). The flying eagle represents sublimation

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Microscope made by C Reichert, Vienna, 1895. Artist: C Reichert

Microscope made by C Reichert, Vienna, 1895. Artist: C Reichert
Microscope made by C Reichert, Vienna, 1895. The microscope featured objectives of different powers which could be turned into viewing position as required

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: First magnetoelectric motor built by Hippolyte Pixii, c1832 (c1890)

First magnetoelectric motor built by Hippolyte Pixii, c1832 (c1890). This was the first application of Faradays demonstration (1831) that magnetism produces an electric current

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Equilibrium and movement of the air, c1851

Equilibrium and movement of the air, c1851. The effects of pneumatics and barometric pressure underwater and in the air, showing ballooning, a diving bell, divers in diving suits, an air gun

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Anatomist, 1811. Artist: Thomas Rowlandson

The Anatomist, 1811. Artist: Thomas Rowlandson
The Anatomist, 1811. Cartoon showing the terror of a patient and his wife as a surgeon opens his bag of instruments. Seeing the skeleton in the cupboard

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist

Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist. Berthollet (1748-1822) helped Antoine Lavoisier in his research into gunpowder and in devising the nomenclature that underpins the modern system for naming

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Alfred Lothar Wegener, German geophysicist and meteorologist

Alfred Lothar Wegener, German geophysicist and meteorologist. Wegener (1880-1930) formulated the theory of Continental Drift (Wegener Hypothesis), published in 1915

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The barrack hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War, 1854

The barrack hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War, 1854. In 1854, during the Crimean War (1853-1856), Sidney Herbert, Secretary of State for War

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Jean Martin Charcot demonstrating hypnosis, 1879

Jean Martin Charcot demonstrating hypnosis, 1879. Charcot (1825-1893), French neurologist and pathologist, demonstrating the production of hypnosis using beam of light from a magic lantern

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Sorcerer, Medicine Man, or Shaman

The Sorcerer, Medicine Man, or Shaman. Late 19th century design after a Paleolithic or Old Stone Age image on the wall in the Trois Freres cave near St Girons, Ariege, France, created perhaps 2, 500

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Hindu concept of the universe, c1880

Hindu concept of the universe, c1880. The universe is encircled by a serpent, the symbol of eternity. Mount Meru represents paradise, the earth below it is supported by six elephants

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Six early forms of bicycles and tricycles, 19th century

Six early forms of bicycles and tricycles, 19th century. The cycles shown are the Otto Dicycle, the Rover Safety, Singers Special Safety, the King of Clubs

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: A universal message of friendship, 1977

A universal message of friendship, 1977. This message was printed on a plaque attached to Voyagers I and II as they travelled through the solar system in the late 1970s and early 1980s

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Agricultural, c 1845. Artist: Robert Kent Thomas

Agricultural, c 1845. Artist: Robert Kent Thomas
Agricultural, c1845. Showing a farmer lying on top of a haywagon led by two oxen. Plate from Graphic Illustrations of Animals - Showing Their Utility to Man

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Nearly full view of Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, 1979

Nearly full view of Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, 1979. Taken from Voyager this moon was named the pizza moon because of its mottled appearance

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Full view of Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, 1979

Full view of Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, 1979. Taken from the Voyager 1, this moon was named the pizza moon because of its mottled appearance

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Jupiter and Io, one of its moons, 1979

Jupiter and Io, one of its moons, 1979. This picture was taken by Voyager 1 from a distance of 20 million kilometres. Two Voyager spacecraft were launched in 1977 to explore the planets in the outer

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The planet Jupiter, 1979

The planet Jupiter, 1979. Taken from Voyager 1 at 20 million kilometres this pictures shows the Great Red Spot, a storm that has been raging for hundreds of years

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Great Red Spot on Jupiter, 1979

Great Red Spot on Jupiter, 1979. Voyager 1s image of a close up of the turbulent region around the Great Red Spot on Jupiter, a storm that has been raging for hundreds of years

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Woman operating a power loom for weaving cotton, c1840

Woman operating a power loom for weaving cotton, c1840. The model illustrated is that invented by Roberts (c1815-1820). Belting connecting to the drive shaft is shown at centre back of the picture

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Solar corona and prominences 1860 (1870)

Solar corona and prominences 1860 (1870)
Solar corona and prominences 1860. Observations made by the English astronomer Warren de la Rue ( 1815-1889) at Rivabellosa in Spain during the total solar eclipse, 18 July 1860

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Otto Lilienthal, German aeronaut, early 20th century

Otto Lilienthal, German aeronaut, early 20th century. Lilienthal taking to the air in one of his gliders. He made more than 2000 flights before being killed in a crash

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Express Train, USA, 1870. Artist: Currier and Ives

The Express Train, USA, 1870. Artist: Currier and Ives
The Express Train, USA, 1870. A locomotive with a cowcatcher hauls a train through a cutting

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Sectional view of a telegraph tower for Claude Chappes semaphore, 1792, (c1870)

Sectional view of a telegraph tower for Claude Chappes semaphore, 1792, (c1870). Chappes (1763-1805) system was in use in France and French colonies until about 1850

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: James Dewar, Scottish chemist and physicist in his laboratory, c1890

James Dewar, Scottish chemist and physicist in his laboratory, c1890. In 1872 Dewar (1842-1923) invented the vacuum flask, one of which hs is shown holding

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: The Cabalistic analysis of the mind and the senses, 1617

The Cabalistic analysis of the mind and the senses, 1617. This attributed different functions to different regions of the brain. From Ultriusque cosmi...historia by Robert Fludd. (Oppenheim, 1617-1619

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Naturalists dining inside a model of a dinosaur, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, New Years Eve, 1853

Naturalists dining inside a model of a dinosaur, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, New Years Eve, 1853. Dinner given by sculptor Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807-1889)

Background imageOxford Science Archive Collection: Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, at his desk in 1882 (1883)

Thomas Henry Huxley, British biologist, at his desk in 1882 (1883). Huxley (1825-1895) was President of the Royal Society from 1883-1885



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