Mathematical Instrument Collection (page 2)

Measuring the distance from ship to shore, using a quadrant marked with shadow-scales, 1598. From L usa della squadra mobile by Ottavius Fabri. (Venice, 1598)

Title page of The Description and Use of the Sector by Edmund Gunter, 1636. It shows mariners holding various navigational instruments, including a sector and a cross-staff at the top

Surveying, early 17th century. Method of using a quadrant fitted with a plumb line and marked with shadow scales to measure the depth of a well. From Utriusque cosmi... historia by Robert Fludd

Surveying and timekeeping, 1551. On the left are various different kinds of sundial and a clock with a single arm. On the right a survey is being made of the height of the tower, using quadrants

Using a quadrant with a plumb bob to calculate the height of a tower by triangulation, 1551. From Rudimenta Mathematica by Sebastian Munster. (Basel, 1551)

James Brindley, English civil engineer and canal builder, c1770 (1835). Brindley (1716-1772) rests a hand on a theodolite and points to the aqueduct over the Irwell on the Worsley to Manchester

Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. Artist: Gaultherius Rivius
Weighing with a steelyard, 1547. From Gaultherus Rivius Architecture Mathematischen Kunst, Nuremberg

Pierre de Fermat, 17th century French mathematician, 1870. Fermats (1601-1665) contributions to mathematics include the founding of analytic geometry

Kepler and Brahe at work together (c1600), c1870. German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), left, with the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1564-1601)

Ecole des Ponts-et-Chaussees, Paris, 1894. Civil engineering students at their studies in a classroom

Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist and mathematician, c1700. Artist: Jacobus Houbraken
Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist and mathematician, c1700. Newtons discoveries were prolific and exerted a huge influence on science and thought

Counters and counting system, 16th century
Counters and counting system, from Munich, 16th century

Title page of Quadrans Apiani by German mathematician and astronomer Peter Apian, 1532. The illustration shows his recently invented quadrant

Pythagoras, Greek mathematician, 1508. Pythagoras (right) using a counting table, competes against Boethius (Boece) using algorithms for speed at calculation

Ptolemy (Claudius of Ptolemaeus), Alexandrian Greek astronomer and geographer, 1618. Ptolemy (fl150 AD) is shown wearing a crown as he was often confused with the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt

Construction of the St Gotthard Tunnel beneath the Alps, 1880. The tunnel was built to link Italy and Switzerland by rail

Babbages difference machine, 1864. Artist: Charles Babbage
Babbages difference machine. From Charles Babbage Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, London, 1864. Engraving

Astronomy, from The Seven Liberal Arts, plate 7, 1544. Creator: Monogrammist B
Astronomy, from The Seven Liberal Arts, plate 7, 1544. [Dialectics, Geometry, Music, Astrology]

Mensura, from Prosopographia, ca. 1585-90. ca. 1585-90. Creator: Philip Galle
Mensura, from Prosopographia, ca. 1585-90

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